第八讲 正反表达转换 一、教学目的：了解和掌握在翻译时正面表达和反面表达的灵活使用。 二、教学过程： 1．英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式 (affirmative in English but negative in Chinese). You are quite a stranger here. 这儿的人都不认识你． Free-frost refrigerator Wet paint! He yelled “freeze!” Keep off the lawn! I failed to understand your meaning. 我弄不懂你的意思。 A person who does a regrettable action is often regretful afterwards. 一个人做了不该做的事， 日后往往会懊悔。 But I could see that my arguments were hopeless. Those pigeons would have to go. 但我发现我的争辩是徒劳的，这些鸽子留不住的。 北京世博翻译公司2. 英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 (affirmative in Chinese but negative in English). Where is the wretched girl? Why do you not come when I call you? 这死丫头去哪里了？怎么叫你半天才来？ Pierre: hey, what the…! You old fool. Lena: don’t talk to me that way! I am not your wife. 皮埃尔：哎，怎么，你这傻女人！ 莉娜：嘴里放干净点！我又不是你老婆 The United Nations organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it. 到目前为止，联合国辜负了世界人民寄予的希望。 Such a chance was denied to me. 我没有得到这样一个机会。 I have read your article. I expect to meet an older man. 拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。 
The lecturer spoke above the heads of his audience. 演讲者讲得太深奥，听众听不懂。 I am at my wit’s end to keep this child quiet. 我实在没有办法让这孩子安静下来。 3. 双重否定 (double negative ) There is no rule that has no exception. 任何规则都有例外。 There is not any advantage without disadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。 It never rains but it pours. 不下则已，一下倾盆。 The sea food goes against my stomach. 不合我口味。 His speech leaves no room to improvement. 他的演讲完美之至。 That’s all Greek to me. 这我一窍不通。 The music is like nothing on the earth. 此曲只应天上有 4、一些习惯表达的译法： 、一些习惯表达的译法： Far from: Your work is far from satisfactory. 你的工作一点儿也不令人满意。 Far from admiring his paintings I dislike them intensely. 我不但不钦佩反而十分讨厌他的画。 Far from advocating nuclear war, China is the only nuclear power to have undertaken never to use nuclear weapons first.中国根本没有鼓吹核战争，是唯一承诺不首先使用核武器的核大国。 Free from: The Southeast Asian countries want to build a zone of peace, freedom and neutrality, free from any form or manner of interference by outside powers. 东南亚国家要求建立一个和平、自由和中立的地区，不受 不受外来国家任何形式和方式的干涉。 不受 Free from anxiety: 常译为“无忧无虑” ；Free from arrogance and rashness.: 不骄不躁。 The vast discrepancies in wealth and standard of living show clearly that such a country can make no claim to be building a state free from the exploitation of the laboring masses. 财富与生活水平悬殊的差别清楚地表明， 这样的国家不能自称为是在建设一个劳工大众不受 不受 剥削的国家。 人人有不挨饿的权力。Every person has the right to be free from hunger. 如果你有小汽车，就不用去坐火车或挤公共汽车。 If you have a car, you are independent of trains and buses. Too…to 不要总译为 “太。。以致” 。 He is too exited to speak. 他激动得说不出话来。 In the past few years, some countries had strikes too many to list. 在过去几年中，有些国家里的罢工多得不胜枚举。 This book contained too much gossip, too many distortions and falsehoods to warrant comment. 这本书里无聊的话太多，歪曲和弄虚作假之处太多，不值 不值一评。 不值 The military structure of the puppet clique is getting too broken to be propped up. 
这个傀儡集团的军事结构太支离破碎了，无法把它支撑起来。 Notice: he is too ready to speak. 他太喜欢讲话。 I am only too delighted to accept your kind invitation.我接到你的盛情邀请太高兴了。 Teachers are but too glad to sing with students.教员非常高兴和学生一起唱歌。 Not too… to 相当于 not so …that …not…/ 而 too… not to…等于 so…that…cannot but We are never too old to learn.我们不至于老得不学习。/我们活到老，学到老。 A teacher should not be too proud to learn from his students.教师不应骄傲得不向学生学习。 He was too experienced not to know it.等于 he was so experienced that he cannot but know it. 他很有经验，不会不知道这点/ 或“他很有经验，一定会知道这点” （不得不，必定） I cannot but complain about the food. 我不得不抱怨这食物。 Cannot…too…等于 it is impossible for us to over+原形动词。如 we cannot praise him too 原形动词。 等于 原形动词 much =It is impossible for us to over praise him.我们怎样称赞他都不会过分。 A book may be compared to your neighbor; if it be good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early.一本书好比你的邻居；如果是好书，读书时间再长也不嫌长；如果不是 好书，越早丢开越好。 Not …because The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was finished.引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。 Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。 In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews.我们在那个城市从未因 为是犹太人而遭受歧视。 He didn’t half like the girl.他非常喜欢那姑娘。 I couldn’t feel better. 我觉得身体好极了。 I couldn’t agree with you more. 我太赞成你的看法了。 If that isn’t what I want! 我所要的就是这个呀！ He can’t see you quick enough. 他很想尽快和你见面。 Half, nearly, possible 和 not 用在一起时的理解 用在一起时的理解。 Paper tiger is not half so fierce as it is painted.纸老虎根本不像 根本不像有些人描绘得那样可怕。 根本不像 Not half = not at all 又如：The show is not half bad=it is a very good show. The earth does not pull the kitten to it nearly as much as it pulls a big rock. 地球对小猫的引力根本不像 根本不像对一块儿巨石那么大。Error=没有近乎像 没有近乎像. 根本不像 没有近乎像 His last three novels are not nearly so good as the earlier ones. 他的最后三部小说远远不如早期的几部那样好。 Their views could not possibly be misunderstood.他们的意见根本不会被误解。 Such a state could not possibly have waged war against its neighbor without the backing from other countries. 这样贫穷的国家没有别国的支持，本来根本（或无论如何）不会对它的邻国 本来根本（ 本来根本 或无论如何） 发动战争。could not possibly 用来加强语气，不能译为“不可能” 。 第九讲 增词法 一、教学目的：了解和掌握增词法（Amplification）在翻译中的运用。 二、教学过程： A．根据意义上或修辞上的需要 for purpose of rhetoric or coherence 1.1 增加动词 根据意义上的需要，可以在名词前增加动词。如果把下面例 1 中的 after the banquets， the concerts and table tennis exhibition 译为“在宴会、音乐会、乒乓球表演之后” ，意思似乎 
不够明确。如果在词之前增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的动词，译为“在参加宴会、出席 音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后” ，形成三个动宾词组，那就意思明确，读起来也较通顺自然， 符合汉语习惯。 1）In the evening ，after the banquets，the concerts and table tennis exhibitions，he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。 北京世博翻译公司2）There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats，no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and banquets of flowers。 没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。 3） Rostow was about to become， lack of anyone or anything better， very influential intellectual for a —the very wrong man at the wrong place with the wrong idea。 因为找不到比他更合适的人，也没有更好的办法，于是，罗斯托就要成为一个很有影响的知 识分子，这真是在错误的地方任用错误的人去实行他的错误主张。 4） They had been through it al at his side — the bruising battles， the humiliations of the defeat|…through empty mid-1960s—until at last，in 1968，they were able to savor the sweet taste of triumph。 他们始终站在他的一边，经历过残酷的厮杀，忍受过辛酸的失败，熬过了一事无成的六十年代 中期，毫不容易挨到了一九六八年，他们才尝到了胜利的甜头。 北京世博翻译公司2. 增加形容词 1）With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism。 中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！ 北京世博翻译公司2）The plane twisted under me，trailing flame and smoke。 （敌人的）飞机在下面螺旋下降，拖着浓烟烈焰掉了下去。 3）O, Tom Canty，born in rags and dirt and misery，what sight is this！ （Mark Twain） 啊，汤姆?康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么煊赫啊！ 根据原著，汤姆?康第本是个贫儿，穿上王子服装以后，被人认为真是王子，就显得特别煊赫。 原文虽无“煊赫”的字眼，但含有此意，所以翻译时应增加上去。以上三例表明，为了意义上或 修辞上的需要，有些英语句子中的名词，译成汉语时，可以增加一些适当的形容词。 3. 增加副词 根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定场合可增加适当的副词，才能确切表达愿意。 1）The crowds melted away。 人群渐渐散开了。 北京世博翻译公司2）As she sat down and began talking，words poured out。 他一坐下来就开始了，滔滔不决地讲个不完。 3）Tremaine sank down with his face in his hands。 屈里曼两手蒙着脸，一屁股做了下去。 4）In the films of those days，all too often it was the same one：boy tractor driver meets girls tractor driver；they fall in love and drive tractor together。 在那时的电影里，总是老一套；南拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开 拖拉机了。 5） was fascinated by the political processes—the wheeling and dealing of presidential politics， He the manipulating，releasing and leaking of news，the public and private talks。 一幕幕政治花招使他看入迷了：总统竞选活动中的勾心斗角，尔虞我诈；对新闻消息的幕后操 作、公开发表和有意透漏，以及公开和秘密的谈话。  翻译公司 (责任编辑：北京翻译公司)