| 把汉语翻译成英语或写作时，注意形合和意合，还有就是有无主语： McCrum (in 周志培， 北京世博翻译公司2003：380）举了一个新加坡华人写的英语句子 ： “Yes Madam, quite big family!—eight children, six sons, two daughters. Big family! Ha! Ha! No good. Madam. In those days, where got family planning in Singapore. 3）If winter comes, can spring be far behind? (Shelly, Ode to the West Wind) 4） As the desert is like a sea, so is the camel like a ship. 5）However, such change is not easy and can be accomplished only when leaders of both sides have no illusions, talk with candour, and meet differences head-on. 然而，要实现这种改变并非易事，只有双方领导抛弃幻想，开诚布公，正视差异才能实现。 6）Those who say that we are in a time when there are no heroes, they just don’t know where to look. IV. Omission of the Articles 1）The article is the hallmark of English. However, we do not have the articles in Chinese. The moon was slowly rising above the sea. 月亮从海边慢慢升起。 北京世博翻译公司2）Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful. 冬天是研究树木生长的最好季节，虽然树叶落了，树枝光了，但树本身却是美丽的。 3）Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 4）A teacher should have patience in his work. 5）Things of a kind come together; people of a mind fall into the same group. 6）The horse is a useful animal. 不可省略： Jack often drives at 90 miles an hour. We enclose a cheque for US $ 10,000. V. Omission of preposition Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所禁止吸烟。 Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country. Rumours had already spread along the streets and lanes. 但是，动词后的介词一般不省略。 He stood by the desk. She hid behind the door. VI. Omission of verbs When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。 Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do. With regard to their products, they have the same concerns of the interrelationship of design, materials and manufacturing process. VII. Omission of synonyms 1）To our knowledge, advertisement and commercials do many important things for society; they convey business information, facilitate communication and help keep the business world moving. 据我们所知，广告在社会中起着重要的作用：传递商品信息，促进交流，使商界正常运作。 北京世博翻译公司2）The undersigned sellers and buyers have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 3）Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason. VIII. Omission of redundant words 1）Part-time job hunters who have worked at a job will receive preference over those who have not. 寻找业余工作者，有工作经验者优先聘用。 北京世博翻译公司2）There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 二、汉译英 Omission: 汉语中有许多句子，如果直接翻译成英语，就显得冗长，特别是汉语多用排比句。 一、重复出现某词（排比句中） 1．俘虏望望沈明，又望望其他的人，没有说下去。 Looking at Shen Ming, then at the others, the prisoner of war fell silent. The prisoner of war looked at Shenming and then the others. He did not keep on talking. 北京世博翻译公司2．我们必须坚持社会主义道路，坚持人民民主专政，坚持共产党的领导，坚持马列主义和毛泽东思想。 We must adhere to the socialist road, the people’s democratic dictatorship, the Communist Party’s leadership and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. 3． 郭末若同志曾说：“中国人民历来是勇于探索、勇于创造、用语革命的。” 4．质子带正电，电子带负电，而中子既不带正电，也不带负电。 二、原文中表示范畴的词： 汉语中的名词，如任务、工作、情况、状态、问题、制度、事业、局面等通常具有具体的含义，应当照常翻译，但如果用来表示范畴，失去具体含义，可以省略不翻译。 1．基于伊拉克目前社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面，中国驻伊拉克大使馆已经向德国订购了两辆防弹轿车。 The Chinese embassy in Iraq has ordered two bulletproof cars from Germany due to the social unrest and upheaval in Iraq at present. 北京世博翻译公司2. 在党的领导下，中国人民已经完成了解放事业。 第六讲 词类转译法 一、英译汉 I. Conversion into Verbs 1. Nouns into Verbs 1) 一些习语中的主体名词可以转换成动词 eg. have a rest, go for a walk A. We don’t have any idea when the boy was born. (不知道) B. She is too tired to have the faintest desire to dance. （一点儿也不想） 北京世博翻译公司2) 含有动作意味的名词可以转换成动词 A. The abuse of drugs has become one of America’s most serious social problems. 滥用毒品已经成为美国最严重的社会问题之一。 B. A view of Fuji Mountain can be obtained from here. 3) 由动词派生出来的名词可以转换成动词 A. The government called for the establishment of more technical schools. 政府号召建立更多的技术学校。 B. The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy. C. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs. D. I call for cooperation in the economic and technical sectors among the countries the world over. 4）由动词+er构成的名词可以转换成动词 A. There were various possible players for the role.可能扮演这个角色的有好几个人 B. Some of my classmates are good singers. 北京世博翻译公司2. Prepositions into Verbs 1) At noon, he came home for lunch. 他中午回家吃午饭。 北京世博翻译公司2) The president took the foreign guests about the campus. 3. Adjectives into Verbs Many English adjectives after a link verb indicating one’s consciousness, feelings, emotions, desires, etc. are always converted into Chinese verbs. 1) I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. 我非常感激父亲，因为在我小时侯他总是不断地鼓励我。 北京世博翻译公司2) They are not content with their present achievements. 4. Adverbs into Verbs 1) Our holiday is three weeks away. 离我们的假期还有3个星期。 北京世博翻译公司2) When will he be back? 3) The boy told me that his mother was out. 5. Conjunction into Verbs 1) Eight and seven is fifteen. 8加7等于15。 北京世博翻译公司2) Winter is the fourth and last season in a year. II. Conversion into Nouns 1. Verb into Nouns 1）英语中的被动语态在翻译成汉语时，原被动句中的谓语动词可根据需要转换成汉语的名词，与“遭到”、“受到”等动词连用。 A． His image as a good student was tarnished. 他作为一个好学生的形象已经遭到了玷污。 B． He was snubbed by those top-ranking officials. 北京世博翻译公司2）名词派生出来的动词，为符合汉语表达习惯，可将其还原成名词来译。 A. He was blacklisted and lost his job. 他被列入黑名单，失去了工作。 B. Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear. 北京世博翻译公司2. Adjective into Nouns Adjectives with the definite articles to indicate categories of people, things, or adjectives used as predicative to indicate the nature of things may also be converted into nouns. 1) They are going to build a school for the blind and the deaf. 他们将为盲人和聋人修建一所学校。 北京世博翻译公司2) In the fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive. III. Conversion into Adjectives 1. Noun into adj. 1) 有时名词在句子中充当表语，前面通常有冠词，翻译时可转换为形容词。 A. This experiment was a great success. 这个实验很成功。 B. Independent thinking is a necessity in study. 北京世博翻译公司2) 有些形容词派生出的名词也可转译为形容词。 A. The puppet-show was performed with great regularity. 木偶戏的演出井然有序。 B. Having heard the good news，their happiness was complete. 北京世博翻译公司2. Adv. into adj. 有些副词是由形容词派生出来的，可转译为形容词。 1) They were deeply impressed by what he did in the critical moment. 他在关键时刻的行为给他们留下了深刻的印象。 北京世博翻译公司2) Boys think differently from girls. IV. Conversion into Adverbs 1. Nouns into adv. 1) John and Kate, the instant they were married, set out in great haste for Venice. 刚行完婚礼，马上匆匆忙忙地动身到了威尼斯。 北京世博翻译公司2) She had the kindness to show me the way. 北京世博翻译公司2. Adj. into adv. 1) They regarded him as a potential adversary. 他们认为他可能是一个对手。 北京世博翻译公司2) He whispered a hurried good-bye to his host. 二、汉译英 I. Conversion: Conversion is also a common practice in Chinese-English translation. It is to change the parts of speech into another. 例如：借刀杀人 murder sb. with a borrowed sword 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好！Xu’s drawings of horses are exceptionally good. II. The Chinese language abounds with verbs and its sentences are comparatively short and straightforward. When translated into English, many of the Chinese verbs have to be converted into other parts of speech such as nouns, adjectives, prepositions or preposition phrases, and so on. For example: 1. Verbs to be converted into Nouns. 1) 林则徐认为，要成功地制止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片销毁。 Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium should be preceded by a destruction of the drug itself. (v.—n.) 北京世博翻译公司2) 邓小平在“十一大”上说：“一定要少说空话，多做工作”。 Deng Xiaoping said at the 11th Party Congress, “There must be less empty talk and more hard work.” (v--n) 3) 绝对不许违反这个原则。 4) 采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。 5) 他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。 6) 中国人民百年以来不屈不挠、再接再厉地英勇斗争，使得帝国主义至今不能灭亡中国，也永远不能灭亡中国。 Thanks to Chinese people’s unrelenting and heroic struggle during the last hundred years, imperialism has not been able to subjugate China, nor will it ever be able to do so. 7) 他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。 北京世博翻译公司2. Verbs to be converted into Adjectives. Verbs that have to do with senses, emotions and other psychological state can be converted into “be + adj. …” structure. 1) 获息贵国遭受海啸，我们极为关切。 We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by a tsunami. 北京世博翻译公司2) 他们怀疑他是否能负担得起。 They are doubtful whether he can afford it. 3) 他们不满足于现有的成就。 4) 我们相信，在两市的共同努力下，我们两市的合作必定进一步发展。 3. V. – prep. (phrases) Compared with Chinese, there are more prepositions in English. Some of English prepositions are actually derived from English verbs, therefore they have some characteristics of verbs. 1) 政府支持这个项目。 The government is behind this project. 北京世博翻译公司2) 我们全体赞成他的建议。 3) We are all for / in favor of his suggestion. 这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。 4) 孩子们都上同一个学堂。 5) 我们对待世界大战这个问题的态度是，第一，反对；第二，不怕。 6) 他们不顾一切困难、挫折，坚持战斗。 4. Chinese adj. or adv. – -- English noun. 1) 这个问题至关重要。 This issue is of paramount/vital/pivotal importance. 北京世博翻译公司2) 他试图以热情的款待把他的窘态遮盖过去。 3) 街中的一切逐渐消逝在灰暗的暮色里。 5. Chinese nouns (such as 印象、态度、特点、地位 etc.) into English verbs. (Accordingly, the adj. modifying the noun should be converted into English adv.) 1) 他的演讲给听众的印象很深。 His speech impressed the audience deeply. 北京世博翻译公司2) 该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。 The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability. 3) 她在最后的一幕里占了很突出的地位。 4) 社会主义革命的目的是为了解放生产力。 6. Others 1) 我们的教育方针，应该使受教育者在德育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展，成为有社会主义觉悟、有文化的劳动者。 Our educational policy must enable everyone who receive an education to develop morally, intellectually, physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture. (n. – adv.) 北京世博翻译公司2) 你熟悉这种晶体管放大器的性能吗？ 作业： Exercises: Verb to Noun 1． 反对三峡工程的人说新形成的水库会淹没许多城镇和乡村。 Opponents to the Three Gorges Dam argued that the new reservoir would flood many cities and villages. 北京世博翻译公司2． 了解过去有助于了解现在，了解现在有助于预知未来。 An acquaintance of the past is helpful to the acquaintance of the present, which is in turn helpful to the prediction of the future. 3． 工人们坚持取消旧的规定，建立新的规章制度。 The workers insisted on the abolishment of the old rules and the establishment of new regulations. 4． 坚持一个中国的原则，是实现和平统一的基础和前提。 Adherence to the principle of One China is the basis and premise for peaceful reunification. 5． 他们的儿子令他们失望。 Their son has been a disappointment to them. 6． 这本书一问世立即受到人们，特别是大学生的青睐，并多次再版。无须解释人们为什么这么喜爱这本书，因为只要稍加浏览，就可以看到书里反映了文明社会中对于友谊的看法。 This book enjoyed an immediate acceptance, especially among college students, and was reprinted many times. Its popularity needs no explanation, for a browse through it shows that it reflects the notions of civilized friendship. Verb to Adj. 1． 并不是所有人都喜欢这个计划。 This program was not popular with all of the people. 北京世博翻译公司2． 有人建议降低政府开支，提高教师工资。 Some suggested lower government spending and higher salary for teachers. 3． 只有加强与世界的联系，中国才能继续执行她的对外开放政策。 China’s policy of opening to the world can only be continued by its closed ties with the world. 4． 他热爱科学研究，但对升职不感兴趣。 He is keen on scientific researches but indifferent to promotion. 5． 那个孩子半张着口坐在前排。 That child sat in the first row with his mouth half open. Verb to Prep. 1． 政府正在开展一场反对铺张浪费的运动。 The government is waging a campaign against waste and extravagance. Noun to Verb 北京世博翻译公司2． 水银的重量约为水重量的13倍。 Mercury weighs about thirteen times as much as water. Passage: 女人发号施令的手段很高明，用的都是口气柔和的祈使句。但不管怎样，事无巨细都要男人效劳总是不应该的。他对妻子总是百依百顺，我从未听到过他有什么不耐烦的表示，而且，我听得出来，他极其恭顺而温存，仿佛这么奴仆般地被老婆支使得团团转是一种享受似的。于是我猜测：他的妻子很漂亮，因为大凡漂亮的女人都颇有些自命不凡，总把自己当作个高贵的公主。(摘自傅晓玲《英汉互译高级教程》383 Reference: The woman was very good at commanding: her orders were all couched in soft-toned imperative sentences. However, it simply wasn’t right, I thought, for her to ask her husband to do everything. But to these orders of hers, he never said a word of “No”, nor did he reveal any sign of impatience. On the contrary, his response showed that he was as meek as a lamb, seeming to regard it as a great pleasure to be busy his head off for his slave master. Therefore I came to the conclusion that his wife must be a great beauty, for beautiful women without exception are stuck up, imaging themselves to be noble princesses. 第七讲 翻译中视角的转译（正反、反正法） 一、英译汉 1) –Hey, it late. Where is Tom? ----He’s still in bed. 北京世博翻译公司2） Without reasoning one is apt to be beyond control. 3）---Are you not going tomorrow? --- No, I’m not going. 1.原文形式上为肯定，译文形式上采用否定。 1）Such a chance was denied me. 我没有得到这样一个机会。 北京世博翻译公司2）The first bombs missed the target. 3）While colder than usual, the weather held. 4）If he had kept his temper, the negotiation would probably have been a success. 5) The explanation is pretty thin. 6）I’m at my wits end to keep the children quiet. 7) The subversion attempts proved predictably futile. 8）Arguing from he view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 9) Everybody was waiting for her but she was talking to Ms. Zhang while slowly walking out of her classroom. 10) Miss Mary kept to her room all day. 11) It’s long time since I enjoyed myself so much. 1北京世博翻译公司2) His explanation is far from being satisfactory. 13) All the prison guards treated us like dogs. 北京世博翻译公司2. 原文形式上为否定，译文形式上采用肯定： 1）I don’t doubt China will be reunited. 我相信中国会统一的。 北京世博翻译公司2）He never spared himself and so he made me work hard. 他总是拼命干，也让我拼命干。 3）Hitler’s undisguised effort to persecute the Jews met with worldwide condemnation. 4）He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. 5) He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious. 6) Don’t make your conclusion before the end of the year. “You will try to tide me over, won’t you?” “Won’t I!” 3. 原文形式上为肯定、意义上为否定，翻译时可以直接表达出暗含的否定意义。 1） It was more than I could bear. 这个我不能忍受。 北京世博翻译公司2） The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered. 游击队员宁愿战斗到死，也决不投降。 3） Both sides thought hat the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 双方认为，那是一个他们可以不失体面地接受的和平建议。 4) She would rather have her room painted milk-white than have it painted sky-blue. 5) In addition to providing a cool sitting place in the open air, a balcony can also protect the window below from the direct glare of the sun. 6) The last thing I want in this world is to hurt you. 4. 原文形式上双重否定，就相当于肯定，翻译时需要表达肯定的意义。 1） There can be no sunshine without shadow. 有阳光就有阴影。 北京世博翻译公司2) You can’t buy things without money. 没有钱就买不到东西（有钱才能买东西）。 3) He was nothing if not a hypocrite. 他完全是个虚伪的人。 4) “You are too beautiful and gifted not to make me fall in love with you!” 5) There is not any advantage without disadvantage. (南开大学, 9北京世博翻译公司2) 6）There is no story without coincidence. 5. 原文含有否定形式的惯用语时，要根据实际情况进行翻译： 1) You can’t be too careful when you drive a car. 开车时怎么小心也不为过。 开车时，越小心越好。 北京世博翻译公司2) She can’t help laughing when she heard the funny story. 6. 带有“all”的不完全否定句，翻译时要格外小心（参见第11讲）： 1）All that glitters is not gold. 北京世博翻译公司2) All criminals are not murderers. 3) But all men are not born to reign. 4) Both children are not clever. Exercises: 1) All that flatter you too much are not faithful friends. 北京世博翻译公司2) Mr. White has refrained from making an official comment on the coup in that country. 3) That served to strengthen instead of weaken our determination. 4) The evidence is conclusive, excluding all possibilities of doubt. 5) Please tender exact fare. 6) You should seize the opportune moment to put in a good word for me. Key: 1) 吹捧你的人并非都是你忠实的朋友。 北京世博翻译公司2）怀特先生没有对那国的政变发表官方（正式）评论。 3）那件事没有削弱我们的决心，反而增强了我们的决心。 4）证据确凿，毋庸置疑。 5) 恕不找赎。 6）你应该不失时机的为我说情（好话）。 二、汉译英 ? Warm-up practice: 1. 今天的中东还很不安宁。 北京世博翻译公司2. 他的解释不能让人满意。 3. 黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，不安好心。 4. 我认为他的回答不对。 5. 天都这么晚了，我看她不会来啦。 ? 正说法 （用英语形式上肯定的词表示中文意义上否定的意思） ? 表否定语气的动词fail, miss, lack, ignore, refuse, withhold, refrain from, neglect, deny, overlook, exclude etc. 1. 他不愿意接受那笔款子。 He refused to take the money. 北京世博翻译公司2. 他去机场接朋友，可是在人群中未见到他。 3. 他看了看桌上的点心，摇了摇头，一点也不吃。 ? 表否定语气的名词：absence, failure, refusal, ignorance, neglect, exclusion etc. 1. 司机开车时，千万不能心不在焉。 A driver’s absence of mind is absolutely forbidden. 北京世博翻译公司2. 我们完全不知道他的计划。 3. 他未能旅行诺言，我们大家都很失望。 ? 形容词或形容词短语：few, little, free from, far from, safe from, short of etc. 1. 他的作文中几乎没有语法错误。 There are few grammatical mistakes in his composition. 北京世博翻译公司2. 那家伙极不老实。 That fellow is far from being honest. 3. 所谓中国文明者，其实不过是安排给阔人享用的人肉的筵宴。所谓中国者，其实不过是安排这人肉的筵宴的厨房。（鲁迅《灯下漫笔》） 4. 欲速则不达。 ? 副词或副词短语： little, otherwise, too…to.. etc. 1. 显然他有不同的想法。 He evidently thinks otherwise. 北京世博翻译公司2. 他兴奋得说不出话来了。 ? 连词：unless, before, until, (rather)than, or etc. 1. 机不可失，时不再来。 A golden opportunity knocks but once. (An opportunity is not likely to repeat to repeat itself.) 北京世博翻译公司2. 他宁愿饿死，也不愿行窃。 ? 介词和介词短语：without, above, except, beyond, instead of, in place of, out of etc. 1. 这非我能力所及。 This is beyond my reach. 北京世博翻译公司2. 要不是你帮忙，我是无法按时完成那任务的。 ? 含有半否定语气的词：seldom, hardly, barely, scarcely, rarely 1. 工作没有经验，出点差错，在所难免。 Slips are scarcely avoidable when you are new to your work 北京世博翻译公司2. 他太自私了，几乎谁也不喜欢他。 ? 英语惯用法 1. 当心，油漆未干！ Watch out! Wet paint! 北京世博翻译公司2. 在未接到通知以前，切勿前来上课。 3. 在支票尚未核对以前出纳不得支付现金。 ? 反说法 （用英语形式上否定的英语词表达汉语肯定的意义） 1. 他这学期全勤。 He has never missed a class this semester. 北京世博翻译公司2. 开卷有益。 One cannot read a book without leaning something. 3. 我对你感激万分。 4. 直到喷气式发动机发明以后，飞机才能以超音速的速度飞行。 5. 智者千虑，必有一失。 Exercise: Please use the skill to translate the following the sentences into English. 1. 你为何知情不报？ Why did you withhold evidence? 北京世博翻译公司2. 这尊雕像历经大地震后毫发未损，仍然矗立。 The statue survived the great earthquake, remained intact and was still standing there. 3. 女儿未出嫁，是颗无价珠宝。 A girl before marriage is a precious pearl. 4. 谅你不敢再这么干。 Do that again if you dare. 5. 你借钱给那个无赖，不啻把钱丢海里。 You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to that rascal. 6. 自然界中的作用力，必定要牵涉到两个或两个以上的物体。 There is never a force acting in nature unless two or more bodies are involved. 7. 他一直渴望成功。 The idea that he should be successful has never deserted him. 8. 男人有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处嘛。 Men only shed tears when deeply hurt. / Men never shed tears unless they are deeply hurt. (until…used in relation to verb) 第八讲 重复法 一、英译汉 重复法（Repetition）与省译法相反而与增补法相似。重复法与增补法的不同之处在于：重复法所重复的是原文中出现过的词语，而增补法所增补的往往是原文中没有出现过的词语。 I．重复法的使用目的 A． 为了使译文明确具体而重复 1. We like blue les than red but more than green or yellow. 我们更喜欢红色而不那么喜欢蓝色，但比起绿色或黄色来又较喜欢蓝色。 北京世博翻译公司2. Mr. Jarden was playing for high stakes, but so was Mr. Marcus. 贾登先生的赌注下得很大，马库斯先生的赌注也不小。（比译为“马库斯先生也是如此”更清楚） 3. Other “western” inventions, such as paper or gunpowder, are often taken for granted, without their far-eastern origins being remembered. B .为了强调而重复 4. Be polite, above all, to old people. 要有礼貌，尤其是对老年人要有礼貌。 5. Do whatever you please. C.为了使译文生动流畅而重复 根据需要，有时在汉语译文中使用意义相近的四字成语或四字对偶词组，或用叠字的方法，可以使译文显得生动活泼，念起来顺口，有节奏感。不过这种重复在科技文章的翻译中要慎用，以免失去科学的严谨性。 6. Eating and drinking, he has passed through his life. 他吃吃喝喝地过了一生。（使用叠字法重复） 7. Einstein was purely and exclusively a theorist. 爱因斯坦完完全全是个理论家。 8. When he was introduced to the famous actress, he was so nervous that he was tongue-tied. 9. The stamp collector is said to have a unique stamp. 据说那位集邮者有一张独一无二的邮票。（“独一”与“无二”意义相近，组成四字对偶词组） 10. We loved each other tenderly. II．使用重复法的几种情况 A． 重复动词 11. They want to stop the experiment, but I prefer not to. 他们想要停止实验，我想还是不停的好。 1北京世博翻译公司2. Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking one’s tongue; while writing one’s mind. 13. Grammar deals with the structure of language, English grammar with the structure of English, French grammar with the structure of French. B．重复名词 （1）重复作宾语的名词 14. We must do our best to develop the students’ ability to analysis and solve problems. 我们必须尽力培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。 15. Operators should inspect and oil their machines before work. （北京世博翻译公司2）重复英语中介词短语前省略的名词 16. On a fine day the sight of foreign seamen, or of tall ships from far away, or of an exotic bit of merchandise from halfway round the world gives us a pang of jealousy of the men who move about over the sea viewing the wonders of the deep. 在晴朗的日子里，看见外国的水手，看见远处高大的海轮，甚至看到一件从世界的另一面飘洋过海而来，带着异国情调的商品，我们都会感到一阵强烈的妒忌，妒忌那些远涉重洋，饱览海洋奇观的海员。（两次重复sight，转译为汉语动词“看见”，一次重复jealousy“妒忌”。） C. 重复代词 根据需要，有时将英语中代词所指代的名词重复译出，能时读者一目了然，译文更明确具体。 （1）人称代词的重复 17. There is air all around us although we cannot see it. 虽然我们看不见空气，但我们周围都是空气。 18. Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears. 杰西睁开眼睛，眼里充满了泪水。 19. But everywhere men feel a compulsion to pit their strength against the sea, to explore it and wander about on it, to use it for their own ends and wrest its wealth from it. （北京世博翻译公司2）物主代词的重复 北京世博翻译公司20. Big families had their own difficulties. 大家庭有大家庭的难处。 北京世博翻译公司21. Ours is an old country. （3）重复关系代词 当定语从句与主句分译时，常将关系代词的先行词重复译出，以时译文清楚明白。 北京世博翻译公司2北京世博翻译公司2. The cook turned pale, and asked the housemaid to shut the door, who asked Brittles, who asked the tinker, who pretended not to hear. 厨子的脸色变得苍白，叫女仆去把门关上，女仆叫布拉特尔去关，布拉特尔又叫补锅匠去关，而补锅匠装做没听见。 （4）重复以-ever结尾的连接代词或连接副词，以示强调 北京世博翻译公司23. I’ll take whoever wants to go. 谁想去，我就带谁去。 北京世博翻译公司24. You may take whichever will interest you best. 北京世博翻译公司25. Wherever there is matter, there is motion. 北京世博翻译公司26. We’ll come to see you again whenever we have time. （5）为了是译文明确具体，重复代词one (复数 ones),that(复数those)所指内容 北京世博翻译公司27.I have two blue shirts and three white ones. 我有两件蓝色的衬衣和三件白色的衬衣。 北京世博翻译公司27. About 65 million years ago the dinosaurs just disappeared. What could have caused that? 北京世博翻译公司29.I haven’t got a raincoat. I’ll have to buy one. 二、汉译英 重复词语和重复结构的处理 在汉语和英语中，有时为了加强语气，有时为了求得句子的平衡、对称或其他修辞效果，往往使用重复词语或重复结构，即在一个句子或相连的儿个句子中不止一次地重复使用同一个词语或同一个结构。但是，由于汉语和英语在语言结构和习惯用法等方面又各有不同的特征，所以在运用“重复”手段时也必然有一些相同和不同的地方。兹将汉译英中如何怡当地处理重复词语和重复结构常见的几种方法介绍如下: 一、省略 在不影响明确、完整地传达原义的前提下，可根据英语表达习惯，将汉语中重复出现的词语或结构加以省略或简化。例如: (1)我们能够去掉不良作风，保持优良作风。 (北京世博翻译公司2)这儿是宝地!要不是宝地，怎么越来人越多? This and is a lucky place; if it isn't, why do more and more people come to live here? (3)老赵:要是听我的话，我会帮助你，找条正道儿;要是不听我的话，你终久是玩完(老舍《龙须沟》) Old Zhao: If you fallow my advice, I'll help you to get on the right track. If you don' t, then you are done for. 省略法不仅可用以处理一个句子中的重复问题，而且对于跨句的重复现象也同样适用: (4)上头说把沟堵死。好吗，沟一堵死，下点雨, 咱们这儿还不成了海?(老舍《龙须沟》) 二、代替 英语惯于使用代词、名词及其他词或词组来代替重复出现的部分。汉译英时代替法是用以处理重复问题的常见方法之一，用得很广泛。现分为以下四方面来介绍: (一)用代词或别的名词或相当于名词的词来代替重复使用的名词或名词词组。例如: (1)他(蒋介石)上台了，非但不感谢人民，还把人民一巴掌打了下去，把人民推入了十年内战的血海。(《毛泽东选集》四卷，1071页) Once in power, Chiang Kai-shek far from being grateful to the people, knocked them down and plunged them into the bloodbath of ten years of civil war. (北京世博翻译公司2)我们的民族将再也不是被人侮辱的民族了，我们已经站起来了 翻译公司 (责任编辑：北京翻译公司) |