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一类是译文语义基本符合原文，但汉语表达有欠正确； 另一类是汉语表达尚有可读性，但译文语义不符原文。 ①Public opinion plays a vital and healthy role in the political realm. 舆论在政治领域起着极其重要的、有益的作用。 公共舆论在政治领域起着生命力的、健康的作用。 ②I am sure that it would change the situation if you are kind enough to lend support to me. 我相信如果你有足够的好心支持我的话，它将会改变形势。 我相信如果你非常好心能撑我一把的话，情况就不一样了。 ③ Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment. 职业和工作带来很大的幸福和满足，而我们大多数人并不意识到这一点。 职业和工作对于获得幸福和满足起了很大的作用，我们大多数人对此却认识不足。 ④Nothing out of its place is good, nothing in its place is bad. 凡事不当无一是好，凡事得当无一是坏。 身外之物无一是善，身内之物无一是恶。 ⑤Happiness is like manna; it is to be gathered and enjoyed every day. 幸福犹如甘露，要天天采集才能日日享用。 幸福似甘露，日日可享用。 Assignment: ①There is a mix of confrontation and cooperation between them. 他们之间既有对抗，又有合作。 ②He died, and was survived by wife and three children. 他死了，撇下了妻子和三个孩子。 ③Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof. 司法部门如果对此不闻不问，那就是失职。 ④Evidently he had the first quality of an angler, which is not to measure the pleasure by the catch. 他显然具备了垂钓者的首要品质，即以钓为乐，钓多钓少无所谓。 Basic Procedures of Translation 1、理解阶段 Translating requires the syntactic, semantic, stylistic and text-pragmatic comprehension by the translator of the original texts. 美国语言教学家 Wilga M. Rivers : the three levels of meaning —— lexical meaning, structural or grammatical meaning, and social-cultural meaning） 。 注意三点： ①语言现象 John is now with his parents in New York city. It is already three years since he was a bandmaster. 约翰现在和父母一起住在纽约市;他不担任乐队指挥已经有三年了 ② 理解逻辑关系 The motor did not stop running because the fuel was finished. 发动机不转了并不是因为燃料用完了. She didn’t marry him because she loved him. １）她没有与他结婚，因为她爱他。 北京世博翻译公司2）她不是因为爱他才与他结婚的。 The students were asked to stop smoking on campus. 1）? 北京世博翻译公司2）? 3）? 4）? 5）? 6）? 校方禁止学生抽烟。 校方要求学生们不要在校园内抽烟。 （可以在校外抽烟） 学生们在校内抽烟，校方让他们停止这样做。 有人在校内抽烟，校方请学生们去制止他们。 有人在抽烟，学生们在校园里被号召去制止他们。 有人在抽烟，学生们被告知去制止他们在校园内抽烟。 （要抽可以去校外！ ） ③ 理解事物背景 John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 约翰为人可靠,他既忠诚又正直. 北京世博翻译公司2、表达阶段: 1. 要摆脱原文语句结构的影响： Distance from the event should make the memories less painful. 事件的久远自然会减少回忆的痛苦。 时过境迁，痛苦的往事自然在记忆中淡漠。 It was an elderly woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned. 他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，是个年迈妇女，个子很高，依然一副好身材，虽然受岁 月折磨而显得憔悴。 北京世博翻译公司2.要避免照搬英汉词典中的释义： Like my friend, I now have an alternative to complaining. When I'm bored with my life, I take my pencils out in the back yard and doodle for an hour, trying to sketch trees that look like trees. 就像我的朋友一样， 我现在有了一种代替抱怨的东西。 当我对生活感到厌倦 时，我就拿出铅笔到后院去心不在焉地乱涂一个小时，试图画出看上去像树的树木速写。 同有位朋友一样，我现在不再抱怨，而是去做一些别的事情。在生活中感到厌倦时，我 就拿起铅笔，到后院里随便涂鸦个把小时，画画树林的速写，尽量画得看上去像是树林。 His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night. 他的烦恼经不起安静的良宵美景的感染力。 更深夜静，美景宜人，他的烦恼不禁烟消云散。 3.要充分运用汉语独特的表达优势： Even if you go there, there wouldn't be any result. 即使你去了，也不会有什么结果。 你去了也是白去。 He was but a man with many grey hairs, with a heavy burden of responsibility, of thoughts and worries. 他已是长了许多灰发、肩负重任、心中充满思考和忧虑的人。 他已是鬓发斑白，肩负重任，思绪万千，焦虑满怀。 4. 要完整无遗地传达原文的意义： Before we can learn to appreciate those different from us, we must open our hearts to tolerance. 在我们学会正确评价与自己不同的人之前，我们必须胸襟开阔，能够忍让。 我们要心胸开阔，善于忍让，才能学会正确评价与自己不同的人。 Any person not leaving litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of ￡5. 凡不往这个篓内扔杂物者罚款 5 镑。 杂物须扔入篓内，凡乱扔者罚款 5 镑。 5. 遣字造句要结合和借鉴语境： If a heavy body is to be lifted to a certain height, work must be done, or energy expended, equal to the weight of the body multiplied by the height through which it is raised. 如果把重物举到一定高度， 一定要做功或者消耗能； 而这个功或能就等于物体重量乘以 物体举起的高度。 6. 要善于运用各种翻译技巧： 3、校核阶段 1．?人名、地名、日期、方位、数字是否准确无误； 北京世博翻译公司2．?段落、句子或重要的词有否错漏； 3．?修改译文中译错或不妥的译句； 4．?标点符号是否正确； 5．?译文中有否冷僻词汇或陈词滥调，有则尽量更换之； 6．?通常校核两遍。第一遍重点校对内容，第二遍重点润饰文字。如时间容许，再把已校两 遍的译文对照原文通读 一遍，作最后的检查、修改，务使所有问题得到解决，方 可定稿。 Qualities for A Good Translator 1. Good bi-lingual competence, esp. understanding and expressing -- She is a cat. -- You can’t be too careful. ? -- It is five years since he smoked. 北京世博翻译公司2. Broad knowledge -- Big Apple. Foggy Bottom. Fleet Street. 3. Translation strategies, skills, techniques 4. Careful and conscientious attitude 《水浒》 → Water Margin ?°中国大陆?± →Chinese Mainland 翻译是一门科学 翻译是一门艺术 a. 不同译者所采取的不同策略等 b. 翻译转换过程中常常不可避免地包括 一定的再创造过程 1. 这家小工厂经过技术改造，发展很快，使人感到惊讶不已。 This small factory is developing with a surprising speed after undergoing technology renovation. 北京世博翻译公司2. These alternations of mood were the despairs and joys. a. 这些情绪上的交替变化也就成了伊坦的灰心和欢乐。 b. 这些情绪上的交替变化一会儿让伊坦灰心，一会儿又让他欢乐。 c. 她这样一会儿一种情绪，让伊坦时而灰心，时而高兴。 3. “I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman ” she said in 1588, “but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and a king of England too. ” “我知道我有一个软弱、无力的女人的身子， ”她在 1588 年说， “但是我有一个国王的 心和胃，而且还是英格兰国王的。 ” “我知道我长就了一副柔弱女子的身躯， 可我有一个一国之君的心胸， 而且还是英格兰 的君王。 ”她在 1588 年说道。 “我知道我长就了一副女子的身躯，可我有一个一国之君的心胸——一个英格兰君王的心 胸。 ”她在 1588 年说道。 第二章 英译汉的技巧 Basic Skills for English-Chinese Translation 1. Annotation 音译加注 cartoon 卡通片 Hamburger 汉堡包 Benz 奔驰车 clone 克隆（一种无性繁殖方法） sauna 桑那浴（源于芬兰的一种蒸汽浴） 1）?Big Ben is ringing the hour. 大本钟*在当当报时。 *伦敦英国议院塔上的大钟。 （北京世博翻译公司2）Like a son of Bachus, he can drink up two bottles of whisky at a breath. 他简直像酒神巴赫斯的儿子，能一口气喝光两瓶威士忌。 *巴赫斯是古希腊神话 中的酒神。 直译加注 Big Apple 大苹果（纽约的别称） Desert Storm 沙漠风暴（1991 年美国领导的多国部队对伊拉克实施的军事打击行动） 1）It was Friday *and soon they'd go out and get drunk. 星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。*星期五[Friday]为英国的 发薪日。 （北京世博翻译公司2）The man who waters his grass after a good rain is carrying coals to Newcastle *. 刚下一场及时雨，那人却又为草坪浇水，真是把煤运到纽卡斯尔，多此一举。 *纽卡 斯尔：英国煤都。 （3）I am as poor as Job *, my lord, but not so patient. 我象约伯一样穷的，大人，可是却没有他那样的好耐心。*在《圣经》中，约伯以忍 耐贫穷著称。 (4) The question she flunked on was: “What is the Constitution of the United States *?” The answer she gave was: “A boat.” 她答错的一道题是： “美国宪法*是什么？ 她的回答却是” 一条船。 *the Constitution “ of the United States 指美国宪法，但它也是美国历史上著名战舰”宪法号“的英文名字。 北京世博翻译公司2. Paraphrase as drunk as a fiddler 酩酊大醉 as rich as Croesus 十分富有 bring down the house 全场喝彩 (1) It's not easy to become a member of that club---they want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick, and Harry. 要参加那个俱乐部并非易事——他们只吸收手头阔绰的人，而不是普通百姓。 (北京世博翻译公司2) A Red Light for Scofflaws 玩忽法令之风不可长！ (3) Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in. 我们的儿子一定得上学，一定要出人头地。 (4) Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter. 里根上台时在做法上跟执政初期的卡特毫无二致。 (5) She and her mother are as like as two peas. 她跟她妈妈长得很像。 3. Amplification As a matter of principle , a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make his or her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with idiomatic use of the language to be translated into. In fact it is precisely for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”. This is because English and Chinese are two entirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultural background. Therefore, many ideas, idiomatic expressions and shortened words etc. that are well understood in the country of their origin can hardly make any sense to people abroad .In this case it is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the original pattern without alteration and consequently amplification is adapted in dealing with such occasions. ⑴为了语法上的需要 1）量词 Try to translate: (1) To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading. 东南方呈现一抹浅红，正在向远处扩展。 (北京世博翻译公司2) The sun rose thinly from the sea. 一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。 (3) A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river. 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。 (4) I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument. 我真替他万分担忧，但此时此地既不宜教训她一番，也不宜 1 与她争论一 通。 (5) It was a nova! 这是一颗新星！ (北京世博翻译公司2) 时体和语气词 Try to translate: I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. 原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定 是不是自己生的。 I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release. 我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。 The old man said, " They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are." 老人说："听人说，从前他父亲是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。" The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. 原来老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。 English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so. 现今英国散文华巧而欠简朴，过去却并非总是如此。 3) 单复数之别 Try to translate: I saw bubbles rising from under the water. 我看见一个个水泡从水下升起。 The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色的长影。 The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 连大地都 震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。 Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院 (4) 省略句 Try to translate: She ate little. Food sickened her, and I think much of life too. 她吃得很少；她厌恶食物，我觉得她也厌恶生活。 Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；疼爱过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。 Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好 Translate the following sentences: (1) I judge I would saw out and leave that night if pap got drunk enough, and I reckoned he would. 我猜那天晚上爸要是醉得够厉害的， 我就可以锯完那个洞钻出去， 我算计着他是会醉 得够呛的。 (北京世博翻译公司2) When I turned around, John was grinning, expectant, studying my face intently to see if he had pleased me. He had. 我转过身，只见约翰正咧着嘴笑，满脸期待的神情；他热切的目光想从我的脸上探明 他是否博得了我的欢心。他确实博得了我的欢心。 ⑵为了意义上的需要 增加合适的动词、形容词或副词 Try to translate: In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants. 在中国，我们每到一个城市就遛大街、逛商店、游公园、看演出、吃名菜。 In the evening, after the banquet, the concerts and the table Tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之 后，他还得起草最后公报。 The war made a man of him. 战争把他锻造成一个堂堂的男子汉。 He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end. 毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物，激动的泪水，欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的 谈话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没了。 Exercises: (1) When I came to I was in the water, swimming automatically, though I was about two thirds drowned. 当我清醒过来时，发觉自己在水里，虽然浸得半死，却本能地浮着。 (北京世博翻译公司2) These soon told her,… how easy it was and how little it interfered with life's affairs to go and see one's grave. 这些人不久便告诉她…去看自己亲人的坟墓是多么容易，几乎一点儿也不妨碍日常生活。 (3) The sky is clear blue now. The sun has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank and wood. 此时已是万里蓝天，太阳把颗颗光彩夺目的钻石洒向草原，洒向河岸，洒向树林。 (北京世博翻译公司2) 增加合适的名词或重复同一名词. Try to translate: These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient. 这些早期的汽车速度缓慢，行动笨拙，效率不高。 First you borrow, then you beg. 头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。 派生来的抽象名词，其后增加适当的名词 darkness 漆黑一团 madness 疯狂行为 complacency 自满情绪 backwardness 落后状 态 1) After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco. 一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。 北京世博翻译公司2) Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries. 国与国之间的争端诉诸武力，并不是最好的解决方法。 (3) 增加适当的连词、承上启下的词、概括词、根据上下文需要及反映背景情况的词 。 Try to translate: China is willing to exchange views with any countries, politically, culturally and economically. 中国愿意同任何国家在政治、文化、经济诸多方面进行交流. Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of fashion. 不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧。(增加承上启 下的词 ) You have made a mistake, and a serious one. 你犯了一个错误，而且还是个严重错误。(增加承上启下的词 ) Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected？ 如果对自己的错误都不认识，怎么能悔恨和改正呢？ ⑶为了修辞上的需要 Try to translate: (1) Poor little tender heart! And so it goes on hoping and beating, and longing and trusting. 可怜这温柔的小姑娘，一颗心抖簌簌的跳个不停，她左盼右盼，一直想念情人，对他深信不 疑。 (北京世博翻译公司2) Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths. 他们的主人,（又是）割啊， （又是）倒啊， （又是）上菜啊， （又是）切面包啊， （又是）说 啊， （又是）笑啊， （又是）敬酒啊，忙个不停。 (3) Only very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him. 欢迎他的只有几下轻轻的、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声。 (4) And her thoughtfulness! If the night was anyway cold or wet or windy there was sure to be a little tumbler of punch ready for him. 她多体贴啊！要是哪天夜里较阴冷、潮湿、或是刮风，她必定要斟好一杯混合甜饮料，等着 他来畅饮。 Exercises: Don’t take it seriously. I’m just making fun of you. 不要认真嘛！我只不过和你开个玩笑罢了。 As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning. 我呢，从一开始就不赞成。 4. Omission 从语法角度进行减省 (1)省略冠词 例 1：A teacher should have patience. 译文：教师应当有耐心。 例 北京世博翻译公司2：This dinner cost us five dollars a person. 译文：这顿饭我们每人花了五美元。 例 3：The earth is larger than the moon, but smaller than the sun. 译文：地球比月亮大，但是比太阳小。 例 4：A camel is much inferior to an elephant in strength. 译文：骆驼在体力方面远不及大象。 (北京世博翻译公司2)省略介词 例 5：Columbus arrived in America in the 15th century.. 译文：哥伦布 15 世纪到达美洲。 例 6：There is a temple at the top of the mountain. 译文：山顶上有一座寺庙。 例 7：Most substances expand on heating and contract on cooling. 译文：大多数物质热胀冷缩。 3)省略代词 例 8：He who made the mistake should have the courage to admit. 译文：凡是犯了错误就要有勇气承认。 例 9：How do atoms arrange themselves in a solid? 译文：原子在固体中是怎样排列的？ 例 10：I glanced at my watch. It is already 11 o’clock. 译文：我看了一下手表，已经 11 点了。 例 11：It was in this mountain that this rare kind of plant was found. 译文：正是在这座山上发现了这种珍稀植物。 (4)省略连接词 例 1北京世博翻译公司2：If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 译文：冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ 例 13：He is thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 译文：他又瘦又憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。 例 14：When the train stopped he stood up gloomily, for he thought of his sick mother. 译文：火车停了下来，他忧郁地站了起来，想起了自己生病的母亲。 Try to translate: Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. 冰是固体，加热就融化成水。 He had a shelf there, where he kept his Bohemian papers and his pipes and tobacco, and his shears and needles and thread and tailor's thimble. 他放在那儿有一个架子，摆着他的波希米亚报纸、烟斗、烟叶，还有大剪刀、针、线，以及 裁缝用的顶针。 The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory. 产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。 Come if you like. 高兴来就来。 下列情况冠词不可在翻译时省略： ⑴不定冠词指“一”“每一” 、 “同一”时； 1) He left without saying a word. 他一句话不说就走了。 北京世博翻译公司2) We would do it a unit a week. 我们将每周学习一个单元。 3) The children are of an age. 这些孩子同岁。 ⑵定冠词 the 强调“这”“那”时。 、 1） He caught the fish. 这条鱼是他抓住的。 北京世博翻译公司2）I lost my watch yesterday. I bought the watch in Hiroshima. 我的手表昨天丢了。那块表是我在广岛买的。 北京世博翻译公司2.从修饰角度进行减省 例：Part-time waitress applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 译文：应聘业余女招待，有工作经验者优先。 例：He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to this project. 译文：对于这个计划他要求各个部门给予合作。 例：The price of the products should be fixed by the two parties at a level that will bring profit to both. 译文：产品价格应该由双方共同商定，须照顾到双方的共同利益 Try to translate: There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 天未下雪，但叶落草枯。 There are some things that I have happily seen of the wondrous way of the spider. 蜘蛛的奇异动态，我曾有幸目睹。 The true joy of joys is the joy that joys in the joy of others. 与人同乐才是真乐。 Assignment: 一、增词法 He took my advice and my wallet. 他接受了我的建议，也掏空了我的钱包 weeping eyes and hearts 一双流泪的眼睛，一颗哭泣的心灵 Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确 We won’t retreat , we never have and never will. 我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不后退。 Oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. 海洋与其说是分割了世界，不如说是连接了世界。 Assignment: 二、减词法 One must make painstaking efforts before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 要掌握一门外语，非下苦功夫不可。 When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。 It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. 使自由保持活力的是冲突而不是绝对的一致。 Never trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you. 不要自寻麻烦。 5. Adaptation at a stone‘s throw 一箭之遥 wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡 as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪 as stubborn as a mule 犟得像牛 seek a hare in a hen‘s nest 缘木求鱼 as dumb as an oyster 守口如瓶 lead a dog‘s life 过着牛马一样的生活 cry up wine and sell vinegar 挂羊头，卖狗肉 put back the clock talk horse 吹牛 开倒车 kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取 drink like a fish 牛饮 Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson.嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。 (北京世博翻译公司2) I was limp as a dish rag. My back felt as through it had been beaten with wires. 我软得像一团棉花，脊背疼痛得好像被钢丝抽打过一样。 (3) Everybody said how well the new Secretary was doing, but old Mr. Carr said shortly, "Yes. New brooms sweep clean." 人人都说新任秘书干得好，但卡尔老先生却简慢地说："新官上任三把火。" (4) Among the blind the one-eyed man is King. 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。 (5) They will be ice-skating in hell the day, when I vote the aid for them. 要我投票赞成给他们援助，除非太阳从西边出来。 He was so fond of talking that his comrades nicknamed him "magpie". 他如此唠叨,同伴们给他起了个 "麻雀"的外号. 采用归化时,要避免走极端,不要用汉语民族文化色彩太浓的词 (6) (1) Beauty lies in lover's eyes. Beauty is in the eyes of beholder (北京世博翻译公司2) Many heads are better than one. Two heads are better than one. (3) Never offer to teach fish to swim. Do not try to teach your grandmother to suck eggs. Who would have thought of Mr.Mottram doing so well? And so many of his friends, too, that used to stay here? We were entertaining angels unawares. 谁知道摩特兰先生干得那么出色？还有他那许多朋友， 原来都住在这儿的， 谁知道呀？我们 真是有眼无珠。 I'd much rather see her once or twice and not do anything about it---what could I do about it anyway? She's a bit out of my class, don't you think? If I did try to do anything, I'd only get sent off with a flea in my ear. 我宁愿见她一两面就算了——我还能干什么呢？你没看到她和我不怎么相称吗？我要干点 什么，也只会碰一鼻子灰。 6. Shift of Perspective ①词类转换 ②句子成分转换 ③表达方式转换 ④自然语序与倒装语序转换 ⑤正面表达与反面表达转换 ⑥主动式与被动式转换 ⑦分句转换 一、词类转换(Conversion of words) 一) 英语名词、介词、形容词或副词转换为汉语动词 n. prep. Adj. Adv → v 名词可转译成动词(Nouns in English into verbs in Chinese ) ①?含有动作意味的名词往往可以转译成动词。 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到、听到我们的喷气式飞机，令我特别神往 A look at his photos reminded me of our school days. 一看到他的照片就使我记起我们的学生时代。 ②带 er 或 or 的名词，只要当它并不指身份或职业时往往可以译成动词。 The old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings. 老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。 He is a very good story-teller. 他善于讲故事。 I’m afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my brother is a better teacher than I. 我未必能教你游泳。我想我弟弟比我教得好。 ③由动词派生的名词可转译成动词。 Speakers called for the liberation of the oppressed of the world. 发言人表示要解放世界上的被压迫者。 He feared the withdrawal of his parents' permission. 他害怕他父母撤消已做出的许可。 The settlement of Africa by white people started 500 years ago. 白人向非洲移民开始于 500 年前。 (北京世博翻译公司2) 介词转译成动词 1）The Red Army men struggled ahead, across the snow mountains and through the marshes. 红军战士爬雪山，过草地，艰难地前进着。 北京世博翻译公司2） Jiao Yulu worked long hours, on meager food, in cold hut, by dim lamp. 焦裕禄吃着简单的饭食，住在寒冷的草棚，靠着昏暗的灯光，长时间地工作着。 (3)形容词转译成动词 Adjectives in English into verbs in Chinese able, afraid, angry , anxious, ashamed, aware, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, delighted, doubtful , ignorant, glad, grateful, sorry, sure ,thankful,… The doctors said that they are not sure they can save his life. 医生们说他们不敢肯定能否挽救他的生命。 北京世博翻译公司2) Is he able to do it? 他能够做那件事吗？ (4) 副词转译成动词 1）As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on. 他跑出去时，忘了穿鞋子。 北京世博翻译公司2）The sports meet was over, and we went back to our normal study. 运动会结束了，我们又回到正常的学习之中。 3）Is he up yet? 他起床了没有？ 4）Please open the window to let fresh air in. 请打开窗子，透点新鲜空气。 １．英语动词转换为汉语名词 Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，那就是以礼相待。 Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth’s atmosphere after completing their missions. 大多数美国间谍卫星，按其设计，在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。 （二） 英语动词、副词转换为汉语名词、形容词 v. adv. → n. adj. ２．副词转名词、形容词 One should be psychologically as well as physically sound. 一个人必须有健康的体魄和健康的心理。 Nowadays many people in the society are materially rich but spiritually poor. 当今社会中，有许多人物质富有却精神空虚。 The film impressed him deeply. 这部电影给他留下了深刻的印象。 Boys think differently from girls. 男孩子有着与女孩子不同的想法。 （三） 英语名词转换为汉语形容词、副词 n. --- adj. adv 1．名词可转译为形容词 ①The blockage was a success. 封锁很成功。 ②The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。 ２．名词转副词 The instinct of a successful actor is to play any character lifelike. 一个成功的演员应该本能地把每一个角色演活。 The substance of his speech was to make us obedient. 他的讲话实质上是要求我们服从他。 I have the great honor to introduce to you Mr. Black. 我很荣幸地给大家介绍布莱克先生。 （四） 英语形容词转换为汉语名词、 副词 ---- n. adv. １．形容词转译成名词 ① They did their best to help the poor. 他们尽最大努力帮助穷人。 ②??The Wilde family were religious. 王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。 ２．形容词转译成副词 They gave the enemy a heavy blow. 他们狠狠地打击了敌人。 Her hard work led to her successful promotion.. 她工作努力，因而成功地获得了提升。 adj. I have the great honor to inform you of your being enrolled by Beijing University. 我十分荣幸地通知你，你被北大录取了。 Assignments: Lack of trust is very destructive in a relationship. 缺乏信任对人际关系的危害很大 As he was a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. 他对这座城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。 There's no point arguing about it -- just do as you're told. 争论是没有意义的，叫你怎么做你就怎么做?? People would benefit greatly from a pollution-free vehicle. 无污染车辆会给人们带来很大的好处。 There was some acknowledgement that the parents had to be involved. 有人承认当事人的父母势必要牵连进去。 His wife has done everything possible to mother him. 妻子竭尽全力，像母亲一样照顾他。 二、 句子成分转换 Conversion of Ingredients ⒈ 转换为主语 （１）状语转换为主语 ①例：There are different elements in nature. 自然界有各种不同的元素。 ②地点状语以及由 by 或 for 介词引起的其他状语，可以译成主语。 例：At least two quarts of water are required daily by a normal individual. 一个正常人每天至少需要两夸脱水。 （２）定语译成主语 例：There are three main laws of mechanics or three laws of Newton. 力学有三大定律，即牛顿三定律。 （３）表语译成主语 The more carbon the steel contains, the harder and stronger it is. 钢含碳量越高，硬度和强度就越大。 A crystal receiver is a less complicated structure than a valve receiver. 晶体管收音机的结构不像电子管收音机那么复杂。 Ice is not so dense as water and therefore it floats. 冰的密度小于水，因此能浮在水面上。 （４）宾语译成主语 Large high-speed transport airplanes and military aircraft have very wing loading. 大型高速运输机和军用飞机的翼载负荷都很大。 An automobile must have a brake with high efficiency. 汽车的刹车必须高度有效。 have, produce, develop, provide, offer, cover ⒉ 转译为谓语 ⑴定语译成谓语 There is a large amount of energy wasted owing to friction. 译文:由于摩擦而损耗了大量的能量。 There are many people who want to see the film. 译文:许多人要看这部电影。 定语：分词、形容词或定语从句 谓语动词：have 或 be ⑵主语译成谓语 The statement of the first law of motion is as follows. 译文: 运动第一定律叙述如下。 A view of Mt. Fuji can be obtained from here. 译文: 从这里可以看到富士山。 There is a need for improvement in our experimental work. 译文:我们实验室工作需要改进。 care, need, attention, emphasis, improvement ⑶表语译成谓语 This explanation is against the natural law. 这种解释违背自然规律。 We were on the supposition that they could improve the complex machine. 我们认为他们能改进这台复杂的机器。 ⑷宾语译成谓语 This chapter provides a brief review of applicable network theory. 本章扼要复习网络的应用理论。 ⑸补语译成谓语 We see airplanes flying in the sky and ships sailing in the sea. 我们看见飞机在空中飞翔，轮船在海中航行。 ⒊ 转译为宾语 ⑴主语译成宾语 The maintenance of machines must be paid attention to. 必须注意机器的维修。 As the match burns, heat and light are given off. 火柴燃烧时发出光和热。 ⑵定语译成宾语 例：But all substances will permit the passage of some electric current, provided the potential difference is high enough. 但是，假若电位差够大的话，所有物质都会容许一定量的电流通过。 “动词+名词+of 短语” → “动词+宾语+宾语补足语” ⒋ 主语转译为状语 1960’s saw the great development of our oil industry with opening up of the Daqing Field. 随着大庆油田的开发，在 北京世博翻译公司20 世纪 60 年代，我们的石油工业有了巨大的发展。 The year 北京世博翻译公司2001 saw China’s entry into WTO. 北京世博翻译公司2001 年中国成功加入世贸 Discussion: “We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist. 一位外国经济学家说道， “我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。 ” Care should be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and dump. 应当注意保护仪器，不使沾染灰尘和受潮。 A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念碑的全景。 The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious. 她暗示我能够给我带个信，但是我必须小心谨慎。 Considerable use has been made of these data. 这些资料得到了充分利用。 三、表达方式转换 １．量词转换 Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. 100 年以前，一位伟大的美国人签署了解放宣言，我们现在就站在他象征性的庇荫中。 A dozen and a half aeroplanes poured out into the airport during that five minutes. 那 5 分钟内，有 18 架飞机涌进了机场。 (北京世博翻译公司2) 小范围到大范围 次要到重要 语气由弱到强 一般到专有 the advanced Chinese experience. 中国的先进经验 practical social activities. 社会实践活动 all our mechanical devices. 我们的一切机械装置 (3) 英语：分词短语、不定式短语、介词短语或形容词短语作定语（后置）汉语：前置。 The force to change the motion of a body is proportional to the mass of the body. 改变物体运动的力与该物体的质量成正比。 Air layers near the earth have greater density than those at higher altitudes. 靠近地球的空气层密度，大于高度较高的空气层。 (4) 英语：几个介词短语构成的定语，各短语又作为定语各自修饰其前面的名词（后置） 汉语：前置 Technological innovation is an important aspect of the industrial reorganization in the new situation. 技术革新是新形势下工业改组的一个重要方面。 Generally speaking, the location of the center of gravity of any object is found by experiment. 一般来说，任何物体的重心位置都可以通过实验求得。 北京世博翻译公司2．状语位置的调整 (1)英语：方式状语→地点状语→时间状语 汉语：时间状语→地点状语→方式状语。 The meeting was held in our classroom yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午我们在教室开了会。 Many metallic compounds too, are used extensively in everyday life. 许多金属化合物在日常生活中广为使用。 (北京世博翻译公司2) 英语：由小到大排列 汉语：由大到小排列。 The new students were working at the physical laboratory from 8 to 1北京世博翻译公司2 this morning. 今天上午 8 点到 1北京世博翻译公司2 点新同学在物理实验室工作。 Tom was born in Boston U.S.A. 汤姆出生在美国波士顿。 (3) 两个不同的状语： 英语→两个状语分开 汉语→两个状语连在一起 Led by the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese people, united as one, are engaged in the great task of building socialism. 中国人民在中国共产党的领导下，团结一致地进行着社会主义建设。 3．英汉语复合句中的逻辑顺序的调整 （1）因果关系：在汉语中多数情况是原因在前，结果在后。 He had to stay in bed because he was ill ． （２）条件（假设）与结果关系：在汉语中则是条件在前，结果在后。 I still hope you will come back if arrangements could be made． （后置） 如果安排得好，我还是希望你来。 （前置） （３）目的与行动关系：多数是行动在前，目的在后。 Better take your umbrella in case it rains． 最好带上伞，以防下雨。 4．被动句的语序调整 That laser is a new light source is known to us. 我们知道，激光是一种新光源 。 5．英汉句子重心不同 It is good you are so considerate. 你想得这样周到太好了 On and on Byron talked. 拜伦滔滔不绝地讲述着。 Never have nuclear reactions stopped inside the sun. 在太阳内部，核反应从来没有停止过。 6．搭配调整 Sooner or later 迟早 back and forth 前后 Right and left 左右 you, he and I 你，我，他 Rain or shine 不论晴雨 north and south 南北 Rich and poor 贫富 come in and go out 出入 Male and female 雌雄 flesh and blood 血肉 Hard and soft 软硬 friend and enemy 敌我 7. 修辞性调整 When the correspondent again opened his eyes, the sea and the sky were each of the grey colour of the dawning. 当记者再次睁开眼时，天刚破晓，海天一片灰色。 Assignments: 1. a new international economic order 国际经济新秩序 北京世博翻译公司2. an outstanding contemporary American writer 一位美国现代优秀作家 3. He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vacation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in in Tianjin ． 他本来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就上北京去度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。 4. Professor Zhang is working with his two new assistants in the physical laboratory at the moment. 张教授此刻正在物理实验室和他的两个新助手一道工作。 8. Negation and Affirmation in Translation ??? (1) You don’t know it, do you? ??? (北京世博翻译公司2) No, I don't. ??? (3) Yes, I know a bit. (4) Wet paint! 油漆未干 (5) Keep quiet! 请勿大声喧哗。 (6) No spitting! 严禁吐痰！ 五、 正面表达与反面表达的转换 英语: no, not, never de-, dis- , non-, im- , in- , un-, -less 汉语:不、非、无、没、没有、未、否、别、休、甭、孬、莫、 勿、毋 dismiss 1. 正说反译 Please tender exact fare. 自备零钞，不找零钱。 That's a thing that might happen to anyone. 这种事谁也难免。 He’s still in bed. 他还没起床。 ２．反说正译 I won‘t keep you waiting long. 我一会儿就回来。 Isn‘t it funny! 真逗！ “You will try to tide me over, won't you?” “Won't I!” “你会帮我渡过难关的，是吗？” “当然！ ” 1. 英语从正面表达，译文从反面表达 (Affirmative in English, but Negative in Chinese) He was absent from his own country last year. 他去年不在自己的国家里。 We may safely say so. 我们这样说万无一失。 Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 双方认为，那和平建议是一个他们可以接受而不失体面的建议。 The decision has to come. 决定还没做出。 It is past repair． 这东西无法修补了。 There are some arguments against the possibility of life on this planet ． 有人不同意这行星上可能有生物的说法。 否定意义寓于肯定的句子形式中: hardly（几乎不，简直不）, scarcely（几乎没有，简直不）,rarely（很少）, few, little（很少， 有点儿）, barely（仅仅，几乎不）, seldom（不常，很少） This problem has been little studied. 对这个问题几乎还没有研究过。 Scarcely does anybody believe that. 几乎没有人相信这件事。 北京世博翻译公司2. out of humor (情绪不好的 ), out of place , out of question , argue…out of… , talk… out of His statement was entirely out of place on such an occasion. 在这样的场合中，他那样说是不恰当的。 3. blind to…; free from…; ignorant of…; absent from…; far from…; dead to… Mr. Williams Robert was blind to his son’s faults. 威廉斯罗伯特先生看不到自己儿子的过失。 Life is far from being a bed of roses 生活远非尽乐事。 4. too…to…, too…for sb. to… The man is too selfish to help others. 这个人太自私了，从不会帮助别人。 The river is too broad for us to swim across. 河太宽了我们游不过去。 5. the last + 名词 + 定语从句； the last + … 不定式结构。如： Suits was the last thing he would like to wear. 那时他最不愿意穿的就是西装。 Our mayor is the last man to accept a bribe. 市长先生决不是那种收受贿赂之人。 6. anything but 意为“绝对不，根本不，一点也不” 。如： The wooden bridge is anything but safe. 这座木桥一点也不安全。 He is anything but a scholar. 他决不是个学者。 7. 其他固定用法：…be all Greek to…, be all thumbs, leave much to be desired… , damn all…等。如： He is the most ungenerous I know, you will get damn all out of him. 我从未见过他那样的人，对人真是一毛不拔。 Bionics is all Greek to me. 我对生物学一点也不懂。 I’m all thumbs as far as drawing is concerned. 谈到绘画，我可是一窍不通。 二、英语从反面表达，译文从正面表达 (Negative in English, but Affirmative in Chinese) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind. 科学研究的方法只是人类思维活动的必要表达方式。 It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price. 开这么高的价，简直是敲竹杠。 I am not so sick but I can come to sit for the exam. 我尽管有病，但是还能来参加考试（我还没有病到不能来参加考试。 ） The beaten enemy had no other choice than to surrender. 被击败的敌人只得投降。 You cannot attach too much importance to the matter. 你应该非常重视这件事情。 The man over there is none other than our principal. 站在那儿的人正是我们的校长。 Don‘t lose time in posting this letter. 赶快把这封信寄出去。 Such flights couldn't long escape notice . 这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。 Assignments: 正说反译： 1. The first bombs missed the target. 北京世博翻译公司2. Such a chance was denied (to) me. 3. The plan is not final. 4. What you’ve said is above me. 5. It was beyond his power to do so. 6. The soldiers would fight to death before they surrender. 7. He is nearly 60,but he carried his years lightly. 8. I have read your article. I had expected 反说正译： １．Would you please undress your overcoat before going into the room? 请你进房间之前脱掉外衣。 ２．Many agreed that he resigned dishonorably. 许多人认为他的下野是丢面子的事。 ３．All the articles are untouchable in the museum. 博物馆里的所有展品禁止触摸。 ４．Students, with no exception, are to have physical examinations. 所有的学生统统要进行体检。 ５．What you have done can’t escape notice. 你所做的一切都会被发现的。 ６．Jim was no end upset because he couldn’t drive a car. 吉姆因不会开车总是心中烦恼。 六、 切分与合并 (division and combination) 切分（分译法） １．单词分译 把原文中的一个单词译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 Try to translate: We recognize that China's long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth. 我们认识到，中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点，这是可以理解的，也是必要的。 Then and there he named the startled General lying wounded on his cot the new Commander in Chief of the Airforce… 他就在当时当地任命这位躺在榻上治伤的将军为空军总司令，使这位将军吃了一惊。 ２．短语分译 I wrote four books in the first three years，a record never touched before ． 我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。 （名词短语） She sat with her hands cupping her chin，staring at a corner of the little kitchen． 她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。 （分词短语） The rain having ruined my hat , I had to buy a new one. 雨水把我的帽子淋坏了，我得买个新的。 （独立结构） She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success． 她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。 （不定式短语,介词短语） 介词短语作定语 For example: With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best． 这个设计尽管有种种缺点，仍被认为最佳设计之一。 （译成让步分句） Man’s warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kind of warmth． 人的血液是热的，如果得不到一定的热量，人就难以长期在海水中生活。 （译成条件分句） We cannot see it clearly for the fog． 由于有雾，我们看不清它。 （译成原因分句） Their power increased with their number. 他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。 （并列分句） Despite their differences , their love will conquer. 尽管他们之间存在着分歧，他们的恋爱一定会成功。 （让步分句） ３．句子分译 It is certain that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO. 人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。这一点是可以肯定的。 （主语从句和主句分译为两个 单句。 ） You must grasp the concept of “work” which is very important in physics. 你必须掌握“功”的概念，因为它在物理学中很重要。 Einstein, who worked out the famous Theories of Relativity, won the Nobel Prize in 19北京世博翻译公司21. 由于爱因斯坦提出了著名的“相对论” ，因此，他于 19北京世博翻译公司21 年获得了诺贝尔奖金。 合并（合译法） 把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句。 He was very clean．His mind was open． 他为人单纯而坦率。 There are men here from all over the country． Many of them are from the South． 这里有从全国各地来的人，其中有许多南方人。 I know a doctor. He is expert in curing stroke. 我认识一个医生，专治中风。 It is New Year's Day. Go and see your father. 过年了，去看看你爸爸吧。 Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. It did not shake his will to go to the front. 夜幕降落时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没动摇他上前线的决心。 (北京世博翻译公司2) 把原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句。 When I negotiate，I get nervous．When I get nervous，I eat． 我在谈判时总是有些紧张。紧张时我就吃东西。 When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people，we are not merely being polite． 我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。 As he stood there, he saw two men enter the bank. 他站在那里，看见两个人进了银行 I am blest if I know. 我一点儿也不知道。 (3) 把原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句。 It was in mid-August， and the repair section operated under the blazing sun． 八月中旬，修理组人员在骄阳下工作。 The time was 10：30， and traffic on the street was light． 十点三十分的时候街上来往的车辆稀少了。 Stir and you are a dead man. 你动一下就别想活命。 Assignments: 分译法： Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution. 她曾期待某种奇迹般的解决方法，这是不合逻辑的。 His failure in observing the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery. 他不遵守安全规则，因而导致了机械故障。 Computers having many advantages can’t do creative work, never can they replace man. 计算机虽然有许多优点，但它不能做创造性的工作，更不能替代人。 4. He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. 他坚持要再造一栋房子，尽管他不需要。 合译法： １．It was midnight, and there were few people on the street. 午夜时分，街上行人稀少。 ２．His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north Italy near the sea. 他父亲在意大利北部邻海的比萨市做小买卖。 ３．In 1844, Engels met Marx, and they became friends. 1844 年恩格斯与马克思相遇并成为好朋友。 ４．She is intelligent, ambitious and hard-working. She is also good at solving problems. 她很有才智、雄心勃勃、工作努力，还善于解决问题。 （两句合一） 第三章 英语句子段落篇章的翻译 三大从句的翻译方法 名词性从句 定语从句 状语从句 名词性从句 what, how, whether, that, where, when (1)主语从句的译法 (北京世博翻译公司2)表语从句的译法 (3)宾语从句的译法 (4)同位语从句的译法 This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishments cannot generally be foreseen in detail . 〔译文〕这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研 机构提出什么样的具体要求，通常是无法详尽预见的。 名词性从句 What 引导 eg: 【what was once regarded as impossible】 has now become a reality. 过去认为不可能的事现在已经成为现实。 how 引导 eg: I don’t know 【 how to do it】. 我不知道该如何做。 That was 【 how they were defeated 】. 他们就是这样给打败的。 whether 引导 eg: It isn’t much【 whether he works】 ；the question is【whether he works at all 】. 他干多少并不重要，问题是他到底有没有干。 I wonder【 whether he will come in such a bad day】. 我不知道在这样的天气里他是不是能来 名词性从句 when 引导 eg: 【When we will begin to work】has not been decided yet. where 引导 eg: That’s 【where we differ】. that 引导 eg: 【That you have done such a stupid thing】was incredible. 定语从句 一、前置法 He is wisest who is honest. All is not gold that glitters. We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them. Try to translate: He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet. 没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。 Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore. 太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。 His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence. 他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。 二、后置法 两种方法 : （一）重复先行词 Elizabeth was determined to make no effort for conversation with a woman, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable. 伊丽莎白不肯再和这样一个女人说话，这个女人现在异常无理，十分令人反感。 The eagle catches the snake that gobbles the toad that swallows the insect that nibble at green leaves. 老鹰抓蛇，蛇吞蛤蟆，蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子啃绿叶。 I told the story to John, who told it to his brother. 他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。 We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged. 我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励 Try to translate: You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect. 你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功， 而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成 就。 Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area. 他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。 （二）省略先行词 He received the letter that announced the death of your uncle. 他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。 Try to translate: They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased. 他们制定出一种新方案，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。 After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。 三、融合法 There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你。 We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity. 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志。 Try to translate: As she turned the corner a new idea occurred to her, which made her stop dead. 走到拐弯处，她突然想到了一个新主意，立刻停了下来。 In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention. 在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。 She had a balance at her banker’s which would have made her beloved anywhere. 她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎。 四、状译法/偏正 （一）译成表示“时间”的分句 A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded. 司机在开车时，不许和人谈话，也不能走神。 （二）译成表示“原因”的分句 He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable. 他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话，因为她现在异常无礼，令人厌烦。 （三）译成表示“条件”的分句 People become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families. 人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。 Try to translate: In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly, try not to get involved. 两国相争，若与之相友好，则力避卷入。 He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for 尽管他并没有这样的需要，他坚持要再买一幢房子。 （五）译成表示“目的”的分句 He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter. 为了引起公众对这一事件的注意，他想写一篇文章。 He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument. 为了证明他的论点，他正在收集确凿的材料以。 （六）译成表示“结果”的分句 They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country. 他们企图镇压反抗，结果反抗愈来愈烈，遍及全国。 （七）译成表示“转折”的分句 She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. 她对孩子们很有耐心，而她丈夫却很少这样。 Try to translate: Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. (1990 年第 74 题) 〔译文〕行为主义者的看法是：如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长，而这些刺 激物又能够发展其适应反应能力的话，那么这个儿童在智力方面将会得到更大的发展。 五、调整 They remarked now he took a different seat from that which he usually occupied when he chose to attend divine worship. 他往常做礼拜时总坐在固定的座位上，可是那天他们发现他不坐老位置了。 Try to translate: The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. 太阳整天都躲在云层里，现在露面了，光芒四射。 状语从句 (1)when 引导的从句 In general, the tests work most efficiently when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined… (北京世博翻译公司2)so…that…引导的结果从句 However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般是无法解决世上某些更引人入胜的课题的。 Try to translate: He must be ill, for he is absent. 他肯定是病了，因为他没来。／ 他没来，肯定是病了。 When we were about to get away, a police car came to the front door. 1）当我们正要离开的时候，一辆警车来到了前门。 北京世博翻译公司2）我们正要离开，一辆警车来到了前门。 状语从句 特殊状语从句 Before 引导 Though 引导 Because 引导 Until 引导 状语从句 1.Before 引导 Be a pupil before you become a teacher. 做先生之前，先做学生. 先做学生，再做先生. Before I could say a single word, he ran away. 在我能说一句话之前，他跑掉了。 我连一句话也没来得及说他就跑了。 状语从句 北京世博翻译公司2．Though 引导 Though the task was difficult, they managed to accomplish it in time. 虽然任务艰巨，他们还是设法及时完成了。 He was old and poor, though he was happy 他又老又穷，但过得却快活。 状语从句 3． Because 引导 I didn’t go because I was afraid。 我不是因为害怕才去的。 He cannot go to school because he is sick． 他因为生病不能上学。 状语从句 ４．Until 引导 I didn‘t go back until 10 o’clock。 我直到 10 点才回去。 I waited for you until 10 o‘clock。 我等你等到十点为止。 英语长句的翻译 一、英语长句的分析 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(北京世博翻译公司2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。 采用的方法: (1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。 (北京世博翻译公司2) 找出句中所 有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。 (3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例 如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是 表示条件等等)。 (4) 分析词、 短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行 词是哪一个等。 (5) 注意插入语等其他成分。 (6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或 固定搭配。 例 1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能 力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。 例 北京世博翻译公司2. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. 譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐 节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。 二、长句的翻译方法 (1) 顺序法 例 1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. 即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。 例 北京世博翻译公司2. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life” the time it will take to exhaust all known , sources and reserves of these materials. 可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计 出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和 储量将消耗殆尽。 Translate: 1. Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subjected to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture. 在 北京世博翻译公司20 世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。 她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性 的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。 北京世博翻译公司2. This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?” 这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?” 3. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities. 到目前为止, 经历了 18 和 19 两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生 产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。 4. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it. 如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在 发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此 有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。 北京世博翻译公司2) 逆序法 例 1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这 个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到 19 世纪才被人发现。 例 北京世博翻译公司2. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. 因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详 尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。 Translate: 1. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood. 一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师 比学生更容易理解。 北京世博翻译公司2. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. 许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。 (3)分句法 例： number of the young people in the United States who can’ read is incredible about one in The t four. 没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为 1/4。 大约有 1/4 的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。 例:Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. 人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出 不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。 Translate: All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. 他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧, 以及其他各 种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。 (4) 综合法 按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理 例: People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else. 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人 一样不知所措和无能为力。 Translate: Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries. 对于现代科技书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察 到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。 Assignment: We are studying a language which is the most widely used in the world. 我们正学习一种语言，这种语言是全世界应用范围最广的。 He is much more experienced than his brother, who can only do some simple work. 他弟弟只会做点简单工作，而他却更经验丰富。 It was our view that the United States could be effective in both the tasks by the President---that is, of ending hostilities as well as of making a contribution to a permanent peace in the Middle East---if we conducted ourselves so that we could remain in permanent contact with all of the parties in that region. 如果我们采取行动以便能继续与中东各方始终保持接触， 那么我们美国就能有效地担当起总 统所提出的两项任务， 那就是在中东结束敌对行动以及对该地区的永久和平作出贡献。 这就 是我们的观点。 The president said at a news conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of its long-held superiority in the House. 记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此谈了他的看法。他说他无法解释为什 么共和党遭此惨败。这种一败涂地的局面最终将导致共和党失去在众议院长期享有的优势。 段 落 的 翻 译 段落是具有明确的始末标记的、语义相对完整、交际功能 相对独立的语篇单位；是小于语篇的语义单位，是一个在 概念上比句子更大的翻译分析单位。 英汉段落比较? 英语段落 “主题句--阐述句--总结 以某一中心思想统领的 形散神聚结构 形散神聚结构 汉语段落 围绕一个较为含蓄的中心思想 迂回式和流散式 形分意合 Gold,?a?precious?metal,?is?prized?for?two?important? characteristics.?First?of?all,?gold?has?a?lustrous?beauty that?is? resistant?to?corrosion.?Therefore,?it?is?suitable?for jewelry,? coins?and?ornamental?purposes.?Gold?never?needs to?be? polished?and?will?remain?beautiful?forever.?For?example,?a? Macedonian?coin?remains?as?untarnished?today?as?the?day?it? was?minted?twenty-three?centuries?ago.? Another?important?characteristic of?gold?is?its?usefulness? to?industry?and?science.?For?many?years,?it?has?been?used?in hundreds?of?industrial applications. ?The?most?recent?use?of gold?is?in?astronaut's?suits.?Astronauts?wear?gold -plated? heat?shields?for?protection?outside?the?spaceship.? In? conclusion,?gold?is?treasured?not?only?for?its?beauty,?but also?for?its?utility.? 英语段落句际关系 平行式，包括并列关系、对立关系、 比较关系、选择关系等 偏正式，包括因果、层进等关系 承接式，包括现实时空序列承接、 心理时空序列承接等 总分式，包括总说分承和分述总括 衔接手段 关联词和词语重复、指代替换 自 1840 年鸦片战争使中国蒙受历史性屈辱以来，从林则徐、魏源、龚自珍到孙中山，历代 志士仁人曾为中国的救亡和发展，前仆后继，英勇奋斗，但由于缺少科学理论的指导而饮恨 九泉。实践告诉我们，在一个半殖民地半封建的中国，改良封建专制制度，不是出路；实行 资本主义，亦非良策。在历史的比较中我们认识到，唯有马克思列宁主义，才能救中国。马 克思列宁主义一经传入中国， 中国人民就在精神上由被动转入主动， 中国共产党才在马克思 列宁主义和中国工人运动的结合中诞生并成为中国革命的领导力量， 中国人民的民族解放和 民族振兴才找到了正确的方向。从此，开始了马克思列宁主义在中国的实践和发展历程。 北京世博翻译公司2． 段落翻译 It may be that I am a pessimist, for spring it is, not autumn, that makes me sad. Spring has always rightly been identified with youth, and the sorrows of youth are poignant and bitter. The daffodils which challenge so proudly and splendidly the boisterous March winds are soon shriveled and defeated, limply wrinkling to remind us of the inevitable ravages of time. The world is urgent with bursting life, with the wild exciting beauty of youth, but it is an impetuous beauty of scenes racing impatiently in to the florid and surfeited luxury of summer. Here is no comfort and fulfillment, only passionate creation of transitory delight. （Ona Low, My Favourite Season.） 我也许是一个悲观主义者，因为使我伤感的季节，是春天而非秋天。人们总是把青春比作春 天，这自然无可厚非，但青春逝去的哀伤却是苦不堪言的。那笑傲三月狂风的水仙花，很快 枯萎一片，花残叶败，紧锁的愁眉向人们诉说着天道的无情。蓬勃的生命和狂热激奋的青春 美丽催动着春天万物， 良辰美景来去匆匆， 转眼又是俗艳奢华的夏天了。 春天没有安然自得， 没有任何结果，有的只是激情涌动和转瞬即逝的快乐。 段落的衔接 英语句子的衔接手段分成五大类： 指代（reference） ，替代（substitution） 省略(ellipsis)，连接(conjunction)和词义 衔接（lexical cohesion）（英国语言学家 。 韩礼德） 1．指代关系 Mrs Thatcher has resigned. She announced her decision this morning. 撒切尔夫人已经辞职。她是今天早上宣布她的决定的。 It had been damaged; when he lifted it , he heard something clink feebly inside. He set it back on the ground. 那东西摔坏了。他拿起来，隐约听见里面叮当直响，就又放回地上。 北京世博翻译公司2．替代和省略 A: I'll have two poached eggs. B: I'll have the same. A: 我要两个荷包蛋。 B: 我也要两个荷包蛋。/我也一样。 Mary ate an apple and Jane (ate) a pear. 玛丽吃了一个苹果，简吃了一个梨。 Here are thirteen cards. Take any (card). Now give me any three (cards) . 这儿有十三张牌。随便拿一张（牌） 。现在给我三张（牌） 。 3．连接 If you confer a benefit, never remember it, if you receive one, remember it always. 施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。 Even if you go there, there won't be any result. 去了也白去。 4．词汇衔接 What characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures is their inner emptiness . This is compensated for by an outer impressiveness. Such impressiveness usually takes the form of a truly grandiose realism. 几乎所有好莱坞电影的特征都是内容空虚。 这种空虚被具有感染力的外表所掩盖。 这种感染 力通常以非常宏伟的写实手法表现出来。 Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament , is in discourse; and for ability , is in the judgment and disposition of business 读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博采也，最见于 高谈阔论之中；其才干也，最见于处世判事之际。 5. 连贯 例： I bought a Ford. The car in which President Wilson rode down the Champs Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The discussions between the presidents ended last week. A week has seven days. 4. 实现语篇连贯的手段 1．运用语境 ① A: Could you give me a lift home? B: Sorry, I'm visiting my sister. A :能让我搭你的车回家吗？ B: 不好意思，我要去看我姐姐 。 ② A: I'm rather short of cash at the moment! B: Oh, I'm sure they accept credit cards here. A: 我此刻身上没有现金。 B: 噢，他们这里肯定收信用卡。 北京世博翻译公司2．运用非语言知识 ① A: Are you going to work tomorrow? B: I'm on jury duty. A: 你明天去上班吗？ B: 我在当陪审员。 ② A: Shall we go for a walk? B: Could I take a rain check on that? A: 我们去散步好吗？ B: 改天可以吗？ ③ A: Can you drive ? B: Is Pope Catholic ? A: 你会开车吗？ B: 教皇是天主教徒吗？ 3．运用想象 The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. 篇 章 翻 译 英汉语篇模式比较 汉语 重神摄,重意合 多个分句线性铺排 无明显的语义标记 先设时空,后揭主题；一般先事实,后 结论；先原因,后结果 英语 重形合 句型呈空间立体布局 显性形态标记清晰 先述主题,后由分题逐级论述 Mrs. Clinton receives about 5,000 letters a week, according to Lawrence senior Jenny Dunlavy, who spent the fall term in D. C. as part of American University's Washington Semester Program. Working in the office of First Lady's Scheduling Correspondence, Dunlavy and other sorted through as many as 100 invitations a day requesting Mrs. Clinton to attend every thing from birthday parties to baby showers. 由于参加"美国大学华盛顿秋季学期见习计划",劳伦斯大学四年级学生邓拉维正在华盛 顿特区,为"第一夫人"日常信函办公室工作.据她透露,克林顿夫人每周大约收到 5000 多封来 信.邓拉维与同事每天就要处理 100 多封请柬,邀请夫人参加从生日宴会以至婴儿洗礼之类的 庆典. 语篇意识 How to Grow Old The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do (B. Russel). 译文： 上了年纪而能这样看待生活的人就不会遭受怕死的痛苦，因为他所关怀的事物将继续下去。 同时，如果精力衰竭了，疲乏增加了，休息的思想并非是要不得的。 我倒愿意工作不息，死而后已，因为我知道别人会继续我未完成的事业（ 《新概念英语》第 4 册） 。 Feedback: 第三章 英译汉的层次—— 词语的翻译 英语词汇意义在汉语里的对应程度 完全对应 部分对应 缺乏对应 交叉对应 完全对应 The Pacific Ocean Asia helicopter nuclear weapons intellectual property rights the Middle East crisis trading partners 假完全对应 sour milk eat one’s words 盐水 方便面 课题测验 战火扩大 强硬政策 部分对应 Parent uncle sister marriage morning gun film vinegar 不高兴，坏脾气 醋 妒忌 西方： Love me love my dog 爱屋及乌 He is a lucky dog 他是个幸运的人 Every dog has his day 凡人皆有得意日 中国： 狗腿子、狼心狗肺、狗改不了吃屎 Give a dog a bad name. 一旦加给某人一个坏名声,他就会永远洗不清 cricket 蟋蟀 昨夜寒蜇不住鸣,惊回千里梦,已三更 。 （岳飞） 太平洋 亚洲（亚细亚） 直升飞机 核武器 知识产权 中东危机 贸易伙伴 缺乏对应 红卫兵 red guard radical guard 饺子 dumpling jiaozi 馒头 steamed buns mantou 龙 dragon 如： to sow dragon’s teeth 播下不和的种子 telecommuter woopie plumber American Dream cheesecake beefcake blue boy pink lady 交叉对应 light music 轻音乐（light=intended chiefly to entertain） light loss 轻微的损失（light=not heavy） light heart 轻松的心情（light=relaxed） light car 轻便汽车（light=having little weight） light step 轻快的步伐（light=gentle） light manners 轻浮的举止（light=frivolous） light outfit 轻巧的设备（light=handy） light work 轻松的工作（light=requiring little effort） light voice 轻柔的声音（light= soft） soft drink （饮料） soft ware （软件） soft light （柔和的光） soft music （轻音乐） soft fire (文火) soft voice （轻声低语） soft heart （好心肠） softball (垒球) soft money （纸币） He is so strong. The wine is rather strong. The rope is strong enough. The proposal only met strong objections. Translate: She wore dark glasses and a thick jersey. 她戴着深色的墨镜，穿着一件厚毛衣。 The girl wears the slimness of her mother. 这女孩像她的母亲一样苗条。 I will wear his love in my heart’s core forever. 我将永远把他的爱深藏心底。 总的说来，中国的文化是向模糊、朦胧及总体的方向走，而西方的文化则是向准确与具体的 方向走。 （杨振宁） 酒 胡子 出入请下车 夜来风雨声 wine beer spirit liquor glutinous rice wine beaver, moustache, whiskers, beard No cycling at the gate. storm shower rain 词义的选择 根据词性选择词义 根据词义的抽象或具体、一般或个别选择词义 根据词义的褒贬选择词义 根据词语使用的语体选择词义 根据搭配关系选择词义 根据词性选择词义 I saw a saw saw a sea-saw in a saw-mill. 我曾在锯木厂看到一把锯子在锯跷跷板。 Communication net 通讯网（名词） Net profit 纯利，净利(形容词） The sale netted the company a fat profit. 这次买卖使公司净赚了一大笔。 （动词）(1) The rain had cleaned the air. 雨后空气新鲜。 （名词） (北京世博翻译公司2) Don't air your troubles too often. 别老是诉苦。 （动词） 根据词义的抽象或具体、一般或个别选择词义 Every life has its roses and thorns. 生活有甜有苦。 Rich and powerful, he always goosesteps on the street. 他有钱有势，在街上总是耀武扬威，横行霸道。 He preferred the products of old brand to the new flashy. 他宁可要老牌产品，而不要质量差的新产品。(抽象-具体) She said, "He is a lightly discriminating man."? 她说， “他是个有点挑剔的买主。"（一般-个别） 根据词义的褒贬选择词义 Mao Zedong showed his great ambitions even when he was very young. 毛泽东在很年轻时就显露出他的雄心大志。 Hitler’s ambition to overran the whole Europe and the whole world was seen clearly. 希特勒要征服整个欧洲乃至全世界的狼子野心暴露无遗。 We are proud of our motherland. 我们为我们的祖国而自豪。 He is so proud that he always look down upon all his classmates. 他十分傲慢，看不起所有同学。 根据词语使用的语体选择词义 语体：语言随着语境的不同而产生的变体,即语言的使用者会随着语境的不同选用不同的语 言表达意义。 选词要符合原文的语体，符合说话人的身份。 (1) Grasp all, lose all. 如果你样样都要抓，就会一样都抓不到。 改：样样抓，样样失。 (北京世博翻译公司2) Apply sunscreen liberally (at least one large handful ) about 30 minutes before going outside. 涂抹防晒油时要大方（至少要满满一把） ，涂抹约 30 分钟后方可外出。 改：应该足量使用防晒霜（至少满满一把） ，且在外出前 30 分钟使用。 (3) Many of these fine products are in stock, ready for your order. 这许多优质产品有现货，准备你来订货。 改：多种优质产品备有现货，欢迎订购。 (4) “爸爸，妈妈，你们也买钱罐存钱吧。你们没钱了，罐子就会把肚肚里的钱掏出来给你 们的。 ” “Daddy, Mummy, please buy a piggie for yourselves. When you have no more money, the piggie will open its tummy and give you money.” end 末端; 结束 业务（部） 称呼（vocatives）由繁趋简； 遣词（diction）由正式到随意； 造句（sentence formation）由长到短； 语法（grammar）由繁复到简单。 (1)Ladies and gentlemen, we take great pleasure in presenting for today discussion on the range of appropriateness in American English two distinguished scholars in the field, first, Roger W. Shuy, the eminent sociolinguist, Director of the Sociolinguistics Program of Georgetown University…… (北京世博翻译公司2)Welcome to today’s program, Varieties of American English ----- Stylistic Differences. Your hosts are two well-known sociolinguists, Dr. Roger Shuy of Georgetown University and the Center for Applied Linguistics, and Dr. Dennis Preston, from the State University of New York College of Fredonia. (3)Hello, today we’re going to hear from Roger Shuy from Washington, D. C., and Dennis Preston, from Fredonia, New York, about the language change in different times and…… (4)Hi, here’s Roger & Dennis to talk to you about the way we use different words in different ways…… a. Formal version: It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are requested to remind themselves of the rules of the borrowing and retuning of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced. b. Less formal version: The number of books in the library has been going down. Please make sure you know the rules for borrowing, and don’t forget that the library is for everyone’s convenience. So from now on, we are going to enforce the rules strictly. You have been warned! 比较分析： 译文比较： 查本馆藏书锐减。学生当不忘本馆书籍流通之规则和他人之需。逾期不 归还者当受严罚。 b. 图书馆的书籍最近大量减少，请大家牢记借书的规定，不要忘记图书馆 是为大众提供方便的场所。因此，从现在起我们将更严格地执行规定。特 此警告！ c. 语体与翻译 语域 :谈话题材（如政治、科技、文学、宗教、家庭事物等 话语范围（field of discourse 话语体式（tenor of discourse） : 语言的正式程度（如超正式体、正式体、亲密体、 随便体等 话语方式（mode of discourse） :语言交际的形式（如书面形式或口头形式） 。 ①谈话题材 用词倾向（深浅难易、俚俗高雅） 、句式特点（简繁变化） 、修辞手段、表意方式、句段安排 ②话语体式 正式程度（formality） 五个等级： 刻板体（frozen style） ，用于专业书卷语或庄严的演说、宗教仪式等； 正式体（formal style） ，用于正式演说、发言等； 询议体（consultative style） ，属于中间性标准语体； 随便体（casual style） ，用于友人、熟人间的谈话； 亲密体（intimate style） ，用于最熟悉的人之间的谈话。 quaff, imbibe, drink, swig, guzzle When his dad died, Pete had to get another job. 老皮他爹一死，他只好换个事干。 After his father’s death, Peter had to change his job. 他父亲死后，彼得不得不改变一下工作。 On the decease of his father, Mr. Brown was obliged to seek alternative employment. 父亲亡故（逝世，谢世）之后，布朗先生必须另谋职业。 (1) Good bye, Mr. Martin. (北京世博翻译公司2) See ye later, Mom! (3) OK, man, I gotta split. ③话语方式 书面语 口 语 (1) “Now, Clara, be firm with the boy!” “哎，克拉拉，对那个男孩立场要坚定。 ” 改译： “哎，克拉拉，对那小子可不能心软。 ” （或“哎，克拉拉，你可不能总由着那孩子。） ” (北京世博翻译公司2) “You have roused my curiosity, and now you must gratify it. ” “你激起了我的好奇心，现在你可不能再把我蒙在鼓里了。 ” 改译： “你吊起了我的胃口，现在你可不能再卖关子了。 ” 根据搭配关系选择词义 lost lost labor lost generation a lost art a lost opportunity ...yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter curves over his bones; who is good Christian, a good parent, child, wife or husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss;... ……不过偶然也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的好话。 真的是虔诚的教徒， 慈爱的 父母，孝顺的儿女，贤良的妻子，尽职的丈夫，他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼他们。 rural America 美国农村 a new international economic order 国际经济新秩序 Assignment: 翻译下列词组，注意词义的搭配 1.cut wheat 北京世博翻译公司2.cut bread 3.cut one’s nails 4.cut one's hair 5.dry weather 6.dry party 7.dry speech 8.black coffee 9.black mood 10.black scientist Feedback 第四章 英译汉的难点 1. 声色词 北京世博翻译公司2. 习语 3. 商标和广告 4. 英语修辞 拟声词 关关雎鸠 （诗经） 唧唧复唧唧 （木兰辞） crash clash splash roak yelp 1. 英汉拟声词对比 A. 大部分音在英语和汉语中用不同的拟声词来表示： A tiger growls. 虎啸。 A dog barks. 犬吠。 A lion roars. 狮吼。 A horse neighs. 马嘶。 A hen cackles / chucks / clucks. 母鸡咯咯叫。 A horse neighs / whinnies / nickers. 马嘶 / 马鸣 / 马萧萧。 A dog barks / yaps / yelps / bays / snarls / growls / howls. 狗汪汪地叫 / 犬吠。 A fly hums / buzzes / drones. 苍蝇嗡嗡 / 哼哼地叫。 A pig grunts / squeals. 猪咕噜咕噜 / 哼哼地叫。 A monkey screeches. 猿啼。 An ass brays. 驴叫。 A deer bleats. 鹿鸣。 A bird twitters / chirps. 鸟啭。 B. 同一声音在英语和汉语中用相似的拟声词来表达： meow / meou 喵 hiss 嘶嘶（作声） dingdong 叮咚（声） ，叮当（声） ping 乒，呯 giggle 咯咯（地笑） pit-a-pat 劈劈啪啪（地） cuckoo 咕咕 A cow moos. 母牛哞哞地叫。 A pigeon coos. 鸽子咕咕地叫。 A turkey gobbles. 火鸡咯咯地叫。 A wolf howls / growls. 狼嚎。 A bee hums. 蜜蜂嗡嗡地叫。 A sparrow twitters. 麻雀唧唧喳喳地叫。 C. 同一个拟声词，根据具体的搭配，对应译为具体的拟声词。 （1）The train clattered out of the station. 火车哐唧哐唧驶出车站。 The shutters clattered in wind. The girls clattered away at their luncheon. 午餐时女孩们叽叽呱呱地谈个不停。 The dishes and bowls slid together with a clatter. 碟子碗碰得叮叮当当响。 （北京世博翻译公司2）The thunder began to rumble. The cart rumbled past. His stomach rumbled emptily. 他肚子空空如也地咕噜咕噜地叫。 百叶窗在风中噼噼啪啪作响。 雷声开始隆隆地响。 车轱辘轱辘地驶过去了。 百叶窗 北京世博翻译公司2. 英语拟声词的汉译 A. 对应译为相应的拟声词。 Crack! The stick broke in two. They hissed him off the stage. The clock ticked, the fire cracked. A bitter storm of sleet, dense and ice-cold, swept the wet streets, and rattled on the trembling windows. 刺骨的暴风夹着密集而寒冷的雨雪，扫过湿漉漉的街道，打得颤抖的窗子格格作响。 There is no retreat, but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! (Patrick Henry) 我们已经没有退路，要退只有含垢忍辱，沦为奴隶了。囚禁我们的铁链已经铸就了。波士顿 平原上已可听到锁链啷当的声响。 咔嚓！棒子断为两截。 他们把他嘘下了台。 钟声滴滴答答，火声噼噼啪啪。 雨夹雪 锻造；锤炼 （发）叮当声 B. 拟声词不具体翻译，直接描绘动作 They splashed through the mire to the village. 他们一路踏着泥泞向村子走去。 北京世博翻译公司2. There was a large, low-ceiling room, with clacking, rattling machines. 3. The ship hooted down the river. 4. Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels and have not charity, I am becoming a sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. 我若能说万人的方言，并天使的话语，而没有爱，我就成了鸣的锣、响的一般。 5. On my way to school I can see the babbling water in the brook, hear the frogs creaking, cuckoos cuckooing, sparrows chirping in the woods. 上学的路上，我能看见溪中的潺潺流水，能听见青蛙鸣、杜鹃啼、麻雀叫。 有一大间天花板很低的屋子，里面的机器响成一片。 那船沿江而下。 溅泼着行进 泥沼 发出枭叫声 博爱；宽厚 铜锣 钹（乐器） 潺潺作声 1. C. 原文没有使用拟声词，译文中亦使用拟声词。 The logs were burning briskly in the fire. 木材在火中噼噼啪啪烧得正旺。 He crashed down on a protesting chair. 他猛然坐到一把椅子上，椅子被压得吱吱作响。 The lad rushed in, gasping for breath. 小伙子冲进来，呼哧呼哧上气不接下气。 The wind whispered in the pines. 风在松林中飒飒作响。 轻快地；生气勃勃地 小伙子；家伙 颜色词 汉语 英语 赤、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫 red（红） white（白） ， ，black（黑） ， green（绿） ，yellow（黄） ，blue（蓝） ， purple（紫） ，gray（灰） ，brown（棕） Mr white is a very white man. He was looking rather green the other day. He has been feeling blue today. When I saw him, he was in a brown mood. I hope he'll soon be in the pink again. 布朗先生是一位忠实可靠的人。那天他脸色不好，近来感到闷闷不乐。 我见到他的时候， 他显得心事重重。我希望他早点振作起来。 英汉颜色词的文化内涵对比 １. yellow yellow 胆小、卑怯、卑鄙 a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人 yellow livered 胆小的 Yellow Pages 黄页 Yellow Book 黄皮书 yellow boy （俗）金币 黄色 pornographic（色情的） 、vulgar（庸俗下流的） 、obscene（猥亵的） 低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵 blue blue jokes blue films ２. black a black letter day black and blue black look black mood black spot black sheep in somebody’s black books black heart black house black man black coffee 不吉祥的日子，倒霉的一天 青一块、紫一块 恶狠狠的神色 情绪低落 交通事故多发地段，事故、犯罪焦点 败家子、害群之马 失去某人的宠爱 奸恶 阴险的人 军营中的牢房 大失望 恶魔 不幸 不加牛奶或糖的咖啡、诈骗犯 red black despair black ox 红旗 红糖 红榜 红豆 红利 红事 火灾 血战 red flag brown sugar black tea honour roll love pea good luck dividen wedding red wine red ruin red battle red sky 贾宝玉神游太虚境，警幻仙曲演红楼梦。 Jiao Baoyu visits the Land of Illusion; And the fairy Disenchantment performs the Dream of Golden Days. 贾宝玉品茶栊翠庵，刘姥姥醉窝怡红院。 Jia Baoyu tastes some superior tea at Green Bower Hermitage; And Grannie Liu samples the sleeping accommodation at Green Delights. 4. blue sing the blues to have a fit of the blues 红茶 红运 红酒 彩霞 情绪低落、心情沮丧、忧愁苦闷 垂头丧气 沮丧的、低沉的 out of blue be blue in the face once in a blue moon blue alert blue chip blue coat blue blood blue eyed blue murder blue print blue beard to blush like a blue dog 禁律严的、下流的、猥亵的、沮丧的、出身高贵的 突然地 (由于愤怒或过分费力) 脸色突变 千载难逢 (预备警报后的) 空袭警报，台风警报 热门股票，第一流的， (同行中) 最赚钱的 穿蓝制服的人、警察 贵族出身 心爱的，易受骗的 恐怖的喊声 蓝图、行动计划 鬼怪、妖怪 一点也不脸红 Waterloo Bridge 魂断蓝桥 5. white white coffee white list white room white hope white wedding white man white sheet 纯洁、美好、善意、合法、公平、 幸福、轻轻的、政治上反动 加牛奶的咖啡 白名单(指守法人士、合法机构等) 最清洁的房屋 为某团体(或) 城镇带来荣誉的人 吉祥的婚礼 正直高尚的人 忏悔者的白袍 北京世博翻译公司20 北京世博翻译公司21 6. green green with envy green-eyed monster green as jealousy Translate: 眼红 嫉妒、眼红 钱财、钞票、有经济实力 没有经验、缺乏训练、知识浅薄 green-eyed ① 嫉妒、眼红 In American political elections the candidates that win are usually the ones who have green power backing them. 在美国政治竞选中获胜的候选人通常都是些有财团支持的人物。 ②钱财、钞票、有经济实力 The new typist is green at her job. 刚来的打字员是个生手。 ③没有经验、缺乏训练、知识浅薄 green room as green as grass green fingers green line green stuff a green old age to get the green light to look through green glasses in the green tree (或 wood) green power go to the green wood 演员休息室 无生活经验的 成功的种植者;种植的高超技艺 (军) 轰炸机、敌我分界线 蔬菜;草木 老当益壮 得到允许做某事 对..感到嫉妒 处于佳境 (美) 金钱的力量 落草(去当绿林好汉) ⑵颜色词与历史、社会、经济的关系 历史方面： to raise to the purple to be born in the purple to marry into the purple 升为红衣主教 生于帝王之家 与皇室或贵族联姻 社会方面： blue-collar workers grey-collar workers white-collar workers pink-collar workers golden-collar personnel 蓝领阶层 灰领阶层 白领阶层 粉领阶层 金领阶层 经济方面： red ink in the black white goods brown goods 赤字 盈利 白色货物 棕色货物 ⑶颜色词的译法 （一）直译 White House red figure The leafless trees, which were against the leaden sky, now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches. 那叶儿落尽的树木，映衬着铅灰色的天空，此刻 显得更加枝丫交错，姿态万千。 白宫 赤字 （二）改换颜色词 black tea black and blue His face became blue with cold. She dressed in a very short creamy skirt that day. 那天她穿着一条很短的米色裙子。 红茶 青一块紫一块 他的脸冻得发青。 颜色词在英汉对译中的错位 black tea 红糖 brown bread black cloth purple wine 红茶 brown sugar 黑面包 青布 红葡萄酒 （三）原文无颜色词，译文可增加适当的颜色词 He didn‘t try in vain. Her eyes became moist. It is like a windfall, like a Godsend, like an unexpected piece of luck. 它像飞来的吉庆， 像天降洪福， 像意外红运。 他没有白干。 她眼圈红了。 （四）意译 红豆 pink slip a green hand (1) You look blue today. What's wrong with you? 你今天看起来闷闷不乐，出了什么事？ (北京世博翻译公司2) He is green with jealousy. (3) He is a blue-blooded man . (4) Her story immediately reminded me of a Chinese saying" The young beautiful lady will always be star-crossed." 听了有关她的故事， 我立刻想到中国的 一句俗话，即“红颜薄命” 。 love pea 解雇职工通知单 新手 他醋意大发。 他出生贵族。 命运不佳的；不幸的 练习 He is too yellow to stand up and fight. He gave me a black look. They felt rather blue after the failure in the football match. 球赛踢输了，他们感到有些沮丧。 You cannot expect Mary to do business with such people. She is only eighteen and as green as grass. 你不能指望玛丽同这样的人做生意，她只有十八岁，还毫无经验。 A large number of factories operate in the red. 许多工厂都是负债经营。 他太软弱，不敢起来斗争。 他怒气冲冲地看着我。 习语 俗语（colloquialisms） 谚语（proverbs） 俚语（slang expressions） 34 35 ⒈辨认习语 (１)违背常理的句子 It's raining cats and dogs . 天下倾盘大雨。 My neighbours are continually quarrelling, but it is usually a storm in a tea-cup . 我的邻居们老是争吵不休，常常是为了点小事儿大吵大闹。 (２)违背语法规则的表达。 He was blown to kingdom come. 他被炸死了。 I'm afraid this sudden wet weather has put paid to our picnic. 恐怕这突如其来的雨天已使我们的野炊泡汤了 。 finish, destroy (３)以 like, as 等简单的词开头的习语。 He accepted his defeat like a lamb. 他毫无反抗地接受了自己的失败。 They're the same height, or as near as makes no difference. 他们全是一般高，分不出谁高谁矮。 meekly nearly; almost ⒉习语翻译的策略 一、直译法 在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误联想的前提下， 在译文中保留英语习语的比喻、形象、和民族色彩的 翻译方法。 条条大路通罗马 特洛伊木马 强烈的政治意义，或有明显的西方民族、地方、历史、 宗教等色彩 to be armed to the teeth Time is money. to shed crocodile tears to trim the sail to the wind Too many cooks spoil the broth. 厨子多了煮坏汤。 武装到牙齿 时间就是金钱 掉鳄鱼眼泪 看风使帆 使平衡 煮肉的清汤 under one’s nose packed like sardines sour grapes A light heart lives long. a gentleman’s agreement the Trojan horse the heel of Achilles the sword of Damocles A cat has nine lives. Barking dogs do not bite. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 在某人鼻子底下 挤得象沙丁鱼罐头 酸葡萄 不恼不愁，活到白头。 君子协定 特洛伊木马 阿基里斯的脚跟 悬在达摩克里斯头顶上的剑 猫有九命。 吠犬不咬人。 滚石不生苔。 二、直译加注 Don't know, Captain, but it sounds like Grace is in there talking to her boss at NIS. She mentioned killing off the investigation. Sounds to me like some serious circling of wagons has been going on. 不知道，上校，不过听起来葛瑞丝好像正和她的调查局老板谈话，她提及撤消调查。听起来 像是真的要把大篷车围起来了。 circling of wagons：美国人从东部向西部移民时，路上常 （ 遇印第安人袭击，于是他们就把大篷车围起来自卫。此处指当权者怕调查深入，火烧到自己 身上，于是撤销调查自保。 ） a bull in a china shopto shed crocodile tearsPeople considered that what he had played on that occasion was no more than a Judas kiss. 人们认为他在那种场合所表演的不过是犹大之吻——居心险恶。 公牛闯进瓷器店——肆意捣乱 流鳄鱼眼泪——假慈悲 The best fish swim (are) near the bottom. 好鱼居水底——有价值的东西不能轻易得到。 Fish begins to stink at the end. 鱼要腐烂头先烂——上梁不正下梁歪。 If two ride on a horse, one must ride behind. 两人骑一匹马，总有一人坐在后面——两人参加的事只能一人为主。 The apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest. 隔墙的苹果最甜——这山看着那山高。 Don't forget to cross your t's. 写时不要忘记 t 上面那一横——一言一行都不要马虎草率。 发臭味；惹人讨厌 三、意译法 1）They didn’t invite him, for he is a wet blanket. 他们没有邀请他，因为他是个令人扫兴的人。 北京世博翻译公司2) Among so many well-dressed and cultured people the country girl felt like a fish out of water. 在众多穿着体面而又有教养的人群里，这位乡下姑娘感到很不自在。 3）We still love each other very much ，but we fight like cat and dog 我们常吵吵闹闹，但仍很相爱。 Look at the chaps in politics and business, whose whole lives were passed in skating on thin ice, and getting knighted for it. 试看那些政治上和商业上的家伙们， 他们整个儿的生活都是在风险中度过的，可是都因此 封了爵。 to come like a dog at a whistle Hilter was once as proud as a peacock. 希特勒曾是一个不可一世的家伙。 一呼即来 家伙 授……以爵士品位 She likes to rubber-neck. start a hare to bring down the house plain sailing to show one’s clean heels to go on a wild goose chase as greedy as a wolf Every bean has its black. 她爱问长问短。 话离本题 全场喝彩 一帆风顺 逃之夭夭 枉费心机 贪得无厌 人皆有短处。 四、兼用直译和意译 The captain scratched the beginnings of five o'clock shadow and look away. 上校一边用手抓着下午五点钟长出来的络腮胡子茬，一边向远处望去 laugh off one’s head break the earth wash off one’s handsThere is no rose without a thorn. Every flow has its ebb. A rolling stone gathers no moss. I had won $300 at poker that ordinarily would have burned a hole in my pocket，but I couldn't shake an overwhelming sadness. 我玩扑克游戏赢了三百元。通常，钱烧口袋漏，一有就不留。可我当时极为忧愁烦闷怎么也 无法摆脱那种恶劣的心境。 Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard. 俗话说， 衣柜里面藏骷髅， 见不得人的事儿家家有。 笑掉了牙 破土动工 洗手不干 玫瑰皆有刺， 乐中必有苦。 潮有涨落日， 人有盛衰时。 滚石不生苔, 转业不聚财。 退潮；衰落 五、汉语同义习语套用法 I think, and I certainly hope, those stories are terribly exaggerated. Our intelligencer says they are. Still, where there’s smoke— 我觉得，我当然也希望，这些报道是夸大了。我们的情报人员说是这样。不过，无风不起浪 —— Well, it’s too late to hide now. I must try to avoid suspicion by throwing them off the scent. 如今即使赶着躲，想罢也躲不及了，少不得要使个金蝉脱壳的法子。 谍报员 气味；香味；线索 a drop in the ocean to shed crocodile tears to spend money like water at sixes and sevens six of one and half a dozen of the other Little chips light great fires. It’s a poor mouse that has only one hole. Money makes the mare go. 沧海一粟 猫哭老鼠/鳄鱼的眼泪 挥金如土 乱七八糟/颠三倒四 半斤八两 星星之火，可以燎原。 狡兔三窟。 有钱能使鬼推磨。 碎片 Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion. 宁为鸡首，不为牛后。 Some prefer turnips and others pears. 萝卜白菜，各有所爱。 as lean as a rail clean hand It was by no means a bed of rose. He cries wine and sells vinegar. as red as rose as clear as daylight He robs Peter to pay Paul. Diamonds cut Diamonds. Pay on the spot and borrow a lot; pay slow and you'll get no dough. 骨瘦如柴 两袖清风 这决不是安乐窝。 挂羊头，卖狗肉。 艳如桃李 洞若观火 拆东墙补西墙。 棋逢对手，将遇良才。 好借好还，再借不难。 萝卜 钱（俚） 六、意译加注 throw in the sponge 认输，投降 （注：若拳击运动员的副手把擦身用的海绵抛向空中，则表示这个运动员认输 因而不进入下一轮比赛。 ） pour oil on troubled waters 平息风波，息事宁人（注：传说航海遇到风浪时，若把油倒进海里，可起到使海浪平息的作 用。 ） open sesame 敲门砖， 过难关的秘诀（注： 《天方夜谈》中的《阿里巴巴与四十大盗》故事说：一个山洞 内藏有无数的金银财宝，但洞门紧闭，必须用咒语“芝麻开门”才能打开。 ） Good wine needs no bush. 酒好客自来。 （注：英国从前流行一种风俗，人们常在商店的门口外挂某种东西作为该店经 营某种商品的标志，挂常春藤 ivybush 标志的常为酒店。 ） 海绵 芝麻 3. 翻译英语习语应注意的几个问题 A. 准确理解习语，切毋望文生义，弄出笑话来。 （1）John likes to pat himself on the back. （北京世博翻译公司2）Then it happened that I had to answer the call of nature, and, passing, I saw the risen dough, which seemed to say to me, “Do it!” In brief, I let myself be persuaded. , 走着，我看到了 发起来的面团，它好象对我说， “撒吧！ ”简单地说，我真的这么做了。 （3）He kissed the hare's foot. 约翰喜欢捶自己的背。 约翰喜欢自吹。 碰巧我现在得对自然的召唤作出答复 碰巧这时我想解手 他吻了兔子的脚。 他迟到了。 There is no love lost between them. 他们彼此恩爱，感情从未破裂 。 他们互相憎恨，毫无爱情可言。 √ × Try to translate ： (1) have the face (北京世博翻译公司2) to pull somebody‘s leg (3) a big fish in a small pond 山中无老虎，猴子也称王。 林中无鸟雀称王。 恬不知耻，厚脸皮 开玩笑 B. 采用套译法时，要特别注意避免使用民族特色太浓的汉语成语来套译英语习语 (1) Beauty lies in lover‘s eyes. 情人眼里出美人 情人眼里出西施。 (北京世博翻译公司2) Many heads are better than one. 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。 一人不及众人计。 (3) Never offer to teach fish to swim. 不要班门弄斧。 不要教鱼儿游泳。 (4) Even a worm will turn. 逼人入绝境，绵羊也反抗。 狗急跳墙。 × √ √ × × √ √ × Try to translate: (1)Give a dog a bad (an ill) name and hang him. 谗言可畏 欲加之罪，何患无辞 (北京世博翻译公司2) A miss is as good as a mile. 失之毫厘，谬以千里 错无大小， 其错一样。 C.有些习语有多种译法，哪种译法恰当要视具体语境而定: （1）Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves. （金钱）积少自然成多。/小事谨慎，大事自成。 （北京世博翻译公司2）One swallow does not make a summer. 一燕不成夏。/轻率推论必成大错。/一关渡过并非万事大吉。 （3） Still water runs deep. 静水流深。/外表淡漠然而内心深情。/沉默者深谋。 （4）Don't cross the bridge till you get to it.. 到了桥边才过桥。/不必担心太早。/不必自寻烦恼。 （5）He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好（鼓励） 。/不要高兴得太早（警告） 。 （6）Don't cast out the foul water till you bring in the clean. 清水未来，莫泼脏水。/新的不来，旧的莫丢。 污浊的 商标与广告的翻译 商标 好商标 商品的标志，是商品经济发展的产物，是商品生产者或经营者为 使自己生产销售的商品区别于其他商品而使用的一种显著标志。 体现产品的特色 易记、易读、易懂，形象生动 激起消费者的购买欲望 给企业带来巨大的财富 Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media. 广告 传递信息的信息功能 诱导功能 美感功能和表情功能 1. 广告翻译与文化 （1） “No one can deny that any act of persuasion has a cultural meaning.” J. Firestone: “The (O. Economic Implications of Advertising” 转引自郭著章，1996：北京世博翻译公司230) （北京世博翻译公司2）It would be more accurate to argue in favor of an advertisement that is attractive, seductive, and expressed in terms that respect the average level of taste and culture. (同上) 跨文化因素 : 1) 不同的文化价值观 中国 中国人注重广告的产品内容，讲实证。其文化背景是道——佛——儒家伦理、宗教行为，有 宿命论色彩，有整体取向，关系建立在实证上。 西方 内省、克己 修身、齐家、治国、平天下 内倾 外倾 北京世博翻译公司2）不同的心理结构 中国：仁、务实、忍耐 大统一观念 从众心理 小农意识 人情至上 平均主义 西方：人本、认知、行为 3）不同的地域环境与人文环境 中国 西方 家本位，家庭观念强 自由生活及个人冒险 功能型消费观 文化审美型消费观 北京世博翻译公司2. 商标广告翻译的难点 1）语音差异 拟声构成（onomatopoeic motivation） 、声音象征（sound symbolism）和回音词（echoism） 头韵（alliteration） 、元韵（assonance） 、押韵（rhyme） Never late on Father’s Day 北京世博翻译公司2）语义差异 a. 译名与英美文化风俗不符 “白翎”钢笔 White Feather to show the white feather 66 译名有政治隐喻。 “大鹏”帆布鞋 c. 译文不雅。 ROC cock 68 69 3）文字形式差异 日本人 诚、梦、爱、愁、美 中国人 福、寿、喜、乐 美国作家 Irving Wallace chime（一串铃） 、golden（金色的） 、lullaby（摇篮曲） 、 melody（旋律） 、murmuring（低语） 七喜、喜来登、可口可乐 4）修辞差异 比喻、象征、对偶、 黄河冰箱，领“鲜”一步 Ask for More.----- More (cigarette) 谐音双关 多义双关 双关 3. 商标翻译的方法 A. 直译 梅花牌 Plum Blossom 钻石牌 Diamond 肤美灵（化妆品）Skinice Camel 骆驼（香烟） Shell 壳牌 Playboy 花花公子 皮尔卡丹 马爹利 摩托罗拉 诺基亚 美能达 奥迪 西门子 希尔顿 旁氏 西铁城 英特尔 百灵牌 Lark Lark 云雀（香烟） Crown 皇冠（汽车） Jaguar 美洲虎 Microsoft 微软 Crocodile 鳄鱼牌（皮具） 飞利浦 阿迪达斯 桑塔纳 劳斯莱斯 卡迪拉克 吉列 B. 音译 中华牌 ZHONG HUA 方太 Fontile 黄鹤楼 HUANG HE LOU 海尔 Haier 爱多 Idall Pierre Cardin Martell Motorola Nokia Minolta Audi Simens Hilton Ponds Citizen Intel Philips Adidas Santana Rolls Royce Gillette Cadillac 7北京世博翻译公司2 73 Attention: ①音译采用的汉字，首先要统一 Polaroid 宝丽得 宝来得 波拉罗伊德 拍立得 ②其次，必须简短易记，选用的汉字还应尽量体现该商品的特点 Boeing 波音 奔驰 Supercomfort 舒肤佳 雅芳 奔腾（计算机处理器） 百威（啤酒） 马自达（汽车） √ C. 谐音取义法或音义结合法 Contac 康泰克 亢台科 Benz 舒而美 Safeguard Avon Pentium Budweiser Mazda D. 重新命名 Head & Shoulders Sprite 头和肩膀 海飞丝 雪碧（饮料） E. 转译 日语 Toshiba Isuzu 汉语 英语 译音 用日语中原有的汉字 东芝 日立 五十铃 三菱 4．英文商标翻译的注意事项 （一）简洁明了 最多不超过四个字 a. 省弱音 b.辅音连缀的单词酌情删减 Budweiser Bausch＆Lomb 百德威斯 百威 鲍希龙布 博士伦 （二）用词恰当 OPIUM 香水 Pizza Hut 必胜客 必好客 比萨饼 （三）体现产品特色 Colgate 高露洁 （四）具有相关性 Craven Quaker Hitachi Mitsubishi 胆小鬼 黑猫 老人 抖动 广告英语的词汇特点 (1)简明易懂，通俗易记 Nike, just do it. Scots Whisky Uncommonly smooth. 耐克，想做就做。 苏格兰威士忌口感滋润非同凡响。 (北京世博翻译公司2)创新拼写，增强吸引力 Give a to all, to all a good Time. 拥有一块天美时表，拥有一段美好时光。 For the ultimate all inclusive one price sunkissed holiday． 两人共度一个阳光灿烂的假日，一切费用均包括在单人价格之内。 Timex Time+Excellent twogether together 之音+ “两人”之意 (3)针对性强 Tide’s in.Dirt’s out. 汰渍放进去，污垢洗出来。—汰渍洗衣粉 北京世博翻译公司2.广告英语的句法特点 (1)多用简单句 We’re not in the computer business. We’re in the results business. (北京世博翻译公司2)多用祈使句和疑问句 Buy one pair.Get one free. (3)多用省略句 Fresh up with seven-up. 惟我电脑，成效更高。—电脑 买一，送一。 七喜喝一口，神爽气又足。 3.广告英语的修辞特点 (1)排比 No problem too large. No business too small. 没有解决不了的大问题，没有不做的小生意—IBM 广告。 (北京世博翻译公司2)拟人 Unlike me，my Rolex never needs a rest. 和我不一样，我的劳力克斯从不需要休息——手表广告。 (3)押韵（头韵 alliteration 和尾韵 consonance） Hi-fi，Hi-fun，Hi-fashion，only for Sony. 高保真，高乐趣，高时尚，只来自索尼。 It’s flavor wins favor. 以我茗香，赢君品尝。 Safety, Security and Simplicity. Pepsi-cola hits the spot, Twelve full ounces, that’s a lot, Twice as much for a nickel, too, Pepsi-cola is the drink for you. 百事可乐味道好，足足 1北京世博翻译公司2 盎量不少，五美分买廿四盎，百事可乐供您享。 (4)反复 Extra Taste.Not Extra Calories. 额外的口味，并无额外的热量—食品广告。 When you’re sipping Lipton, you’re sipping somethins special. 缀饮立顿茶，品尝独特味。 安全，安心，实用。 (5)明喻 Featherwater：light as a feather. 法泽瓦特眼镜：轻如鸿毛。 (6)暗喻 You are better off under the umbrella. xx 保险公司，平安相伴。 The most sensational place to wear satin on your lips. xx 口红，给双唇丝滑般的感觉。 缎子 (6)双关 a. 谐音双关（homophonic pun） More sun and air for your son and heir. 这里有充足的阳光，清新的空气，一切为了您的子孙后代。 Trust us. Over 5000 ears of experience. 相信我们吧。历经 5000 多只耳朵的检验，有着 5000 多年的经验。 b. 语义双关（homographic pun） Ask for More. No cigarette gives me More taste. 再来一支摩尔烟吧，它品位独特，令我难舍。 A policeman said to a criminal: “You reckon your Dodge would help you up to all these dodges again.” 警察质问罪犯： “你以为你的‘道奇’车又能帮助你逃之夭夭吗？” 子嗣 逃避；诡计 (7)夸张（hyperbole） A word to wealth. 一言致富。 (8)仿拟（parody）或借用谚语 Where there is a way for car,there is a Toyota. 丰田汽车，风行天下。 车到山前必有路，有路必有丰田车。 We take no pride in prejudice. 4. 广告英语的翻译策略 1）直译与意译 Chanllenge the limits. For next generation. 北京世博翻译公司2）增译与创译 Elegance is an attitude. Connecting people 挑战极限。 新一代的选择。 优雅态度，真我性格—浪琴表。 科技以人为本——诺基亚。 英语修辞格 音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞格 音韵修辞格：利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法 onomatopoeia alliteration assonance onomatopoeia =汉语的拟声辞格 Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes. 高跟皮鞋声嘚嘚地传了过来。 alliteration assonance （1）Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper. 皮特派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。 （北京世博翻译公司2）With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. 怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。 在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠 近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具 有同样的字母或声音 在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。 （alliteration） （assonance） 劈开， （以斧）制成 词义修辞格（semantic rhetorical devices） simile, metaphor, allusion, metonymy, transferred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony,euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma, contrast 1. allusion （1）Grammar may be his heel of Achilles. 语法是他的大弱点。 （北京世博翻译公司2）The project is an economic albatross from the start. 这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题。 柯勒律治《古舟子咏》 北京世博翻译公司2. metonymy; transferred epithet The baby was brought up on the bottle. 这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。 The doctor‘s face expressed a kind of doubting admiration. 医生的脸上流露出钦佩而又带有疑惑的神情。 3. pun What does that lawyer do after he dies?——Lie still. a.那个律师死后干什么？——静静地躺着。 b.那个律师死后干什么？——躺着仍说鬼话 利用语音和语义的关系，特意让一个语句在表面上表达一种意思， 实际上又含有另外一种意思 鲁大海： （挣扎）放开我，你们这群强盗！ 周 萍： （向仆人）把他拉下去！ 鲁侍萍： （大哭）这真是一群强盗！ （走到周萍面前）你是萍，……凭——凭什么打我儿子？ Hai: (struggling)Let go of me, you hooligans! Ping: (to the servants)Hustle him outside! Ma: (breading down)You are hooligans, too! (going across to Zhou Ping)You are my ----- mighty free with your fists! What right have you to hit my son? 非常；很 4. oxymoron; zeugma sweet sorrow 忧喜参半 proud humility 不卑不亢 zeugma While the Vietnam vet was fighting, and losing limb and mind, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. 越战老兵浴血奋战时， 即使不缺胳膊少腿也会沦为疯子， 而其他人这会儿却躲在他们后面求 学深造，一展宏图呢。 用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）与两个以上的在意义上 不相干的名词搭配 分译法，即切分 谦逊；谦恭 句法修辞格（syntactical rhetorical devices） （1）The gods, they say, give breath , and they take it away. But the same could be said-could it not? 人都说老天爷把气赐予生灵，又把气夺走。不过这话用在小小的逗号上，何尝不 是如此？ （北京世博翻译公司2）Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人， 成事在天。 （3）Up went the balloon into the cloudless sky. 气球腾空而起， 飘入万里无云的蓝天。 rhetorical question antithesis anastrophe 修辞格的译法 翻译原则 :形似不如神似重要 A. 直译 相类似的常用修辞格: simile(明喻)，metaphor(隐喻)，metonym(借代)，personification(拟人)， hyperbole(夸张)，irony(反语)，pun(双关)，rhetoric question(设问) （1）They were only crying crocodile tears at the old man's funeral because nobody had really liked him. 在老头子的葬礼上，他们只不过挤了几滴鳄鱼的眼泪，因为老头子在世时他们都 不喜欢他。 （北京世博翻译公司2）I wish my horse had the speed of your tongue. 但愿我的马有你的嘴那样快。 （3）I deserve neither such praise nor such censure. 这样的夸奖我担当不起，这样的责备我也担待不起。 责难；谴责 Try to translate: In his dream he saw the tiny figure fall as a fly. 在他的梦中他看见那小小的人影像苍蝇一般地落了下来。 Life is an isthmus between two eternities． 生活是永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。 The sun smiled down on the green meadows. 太阳向着绿茵茵的草地俯首微笑。 The ancient wilderness dreamed，stretched itself all open to the sun，and seemed to sigh with immeasurable content． 古老的荒野做着梦，直挺挺地躺在太阳下，好像无限满足地叹了口气。 The winds from the east go tearing round the mountains like forty thousand devils． 从东方吹来的风如同百万个魔鬼在那些高山周围狂奔猛闯。 Make your every hello a real good—buy． 让你的每声“哈”都真的物有所值。 We must all hang together，or we shall hang separately． 我们必须紧密地团结在一起，否则我们将被一个个地绞死。 simile Metaphor Personification Personification Hyperbole simile Pun Pun 地峡 永恒 叹气 狂奔 100 101 B. 加注 Christ, to hear some of those sailors' myths, you'd think bloody Fort Knox was on every ship that sailed. 天哪， 要是听信有些水手的胡说八道， 你会以为每条出海的船上都有该死的诺克斯堡哩。 注: （ 诺克斯堡是美国的一个军事保留地，是美国黄金仓库的所在地。 ） 虚构的人或事物；神话 该死的（俚） C. 释义(意译) 头韵法 首先保证译文能正确传达原文的思想内容，然后再尽一切可能去表现原文的节奏和旋律。 as drunk as a fiddler He is the mouth of the House in its relations with the Crown. 他是议会对王室的发言人。 Clearly a tug of war over key policies continues between the pragmatic and ideological camps. 不言而喻， 注重务实的和强调意识形态的两大营垒还会在重大政策上争吵不休。 酩町大醉 讲究实际的；实用主义的 空论的；意识形态的 ①转换修辞格 oxymoron(矛盾修辞)，Zeugma(轭式搭配)，以及 alliteration(头韵) 1)英语中 oxymoron(矛盾修辞) Speaking silence, dumb confession A being darkly wise，and rudely great．laborious idleness a living death cruel kindness 两个意思互相矛盾或互相排斥的词语紧密地联结在一起， 组成句子描述一个事物或表达一种思想或说明一个道理 千言万语的静默，默默无声的坦白 愚昧地聪明，拙劣地伟大 令人腻烦的闲散 半死不活 害人不浅的仁慈 供认；坦白 北京世博翻译公司2)英语中的 Zeugma(轭式搭配) The plane brought them food and medicine as well as the concern of the government． 飞机带来了食品和药，也带来了政府的关怀。 用一个词(动词、形容词或介词)与两个以上的名词搭配，两个名词 在意义上不相干或第二个名词与动词或形容词等不能构成自然搭配， 但却因借助前一个词的正常搭配而被读者接受 104 105 3)英语中 Alliteration(头韵) He is all fire and fight. From their slopes flow streams feeding the oases strung along the rim of inland deserts． 条条溪水，潺潺而下，滋润着镶嵌于内陆沙漠边缘的片片绿洲。 在一句话中，或一个诗行中，用了几个以同样 字母开头的词。 他怒气冲冲，来势汹汹。 汉语对偶 汉语叠词、象声词 To Pledger，after three years of walking and waiting，it felt good to be back at his trade again． 对于普莱杰尔， 经过三年的东奔西走， 朝夕盼望， 现在又回来干自己的老本行， 真是好极了。 He described the claim in alliteration fashion as composite of fantasy, fallacy and fiction. 他用押头韵的方式把这种要求描绘成“虚幻、虚妄和虚构”的混合物。 Sense and Sensibility Pride and Prejudice Beauty and Beast Another headline reads, “Swiss Sensation Soars to Win”. 还有一条体育新闻标题是“瑞士明星一举夺冠” 。 谬误；不实在 虚构 轰动；轰动一时的事件 高飞；升高 Summary: 以直译为首选 不能直译时就需考虑放弃原文的修辞方法， 并可以利用其他修辞格或译语的其他优势来弥补 这一不足。 D. 归化 （1） “Don‘t be scared, chickens!” came her voice with teasing gaiety. “别害怕， 你们这些胆小如鼠的东西！ ”只听得她用戏谑的口气说道。 （北京世博翻译公司2）And I suppose she'll tell all the boys, the old cat. 我猜想她会告诉所有的男人，这个长舌的老太婆! （3）Up and down he walked, up and down across the library floor. 他在图书馆里走过来又走过去，走过来又走过去。 as timid as a rabbit． as stubbon as a mule． to work like a horse． hungry as a bear． 胆小如鼠 犟得像头牛。 像老黄牛一样干活。 像只饿狼。 嘲弄；逗弄 愉快；欢乐 E. 切分 （1）He was restlessly tired, even as he lay in bed. 他累了，然而一点也不安宁，即使躺在床上也还是这样。 （北京世博翻译公司2）Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention. 罗斯福目光炯炯，面带微笑，聚精会神地听着。 F.数种译法并用 Civilization is syphilization! G.英语原文无修辞格，翻译成汉语时用修辞格 （1）I judge that there was going to be a crash by and by, but I was in now and must swim across or drown. 我猜想迟早会有一天西洋镜有被拆穿，可是我既已下水，就不得不泅过水去， 否则就会淹死。 （北京世博翻译公司2）Flowers bloom all over the yard. 世界愈文明，梅毒愈蔓延。 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。 Assignment: 请用提示的翻译策略把下列句子译成汉语。 1. The senator picked up his hat and courage.（切分） 参议员捡起了帽子，同时鼓起了勇气。 北京世博翻译公司2. This diligent student seldom reads more than an hour per month．(Irony)（直译） 3. Sometimes the pen may be mightier than the sword．(Metonymy) （直译） 4. I spoke to them in hesitant English.（释义） （英语 transferred epithet——汉语无修辞格） 这个勤奋的学生每个月读书时间不超过一小时。 有时文人比武士更有力量。 我结结巴巴用英语对他们说。 他赶上了公共汽车，于是也赶上了一场感冒。 如鱼得水。 像落汤鸡。 他决心把事情弄个水落石出。 5. He caught a cold and a bus． （转换修辞格，采用汉语汉语粘连式） 6. like a duck to water． （归化） 7. like a drowned rat． （归化） 8. The man stood in a high place and a high manner． （切分） 那人站在高处，态度傲慢。 9. He determined to satisfy himself of the real state of the case.（使用汉语修辞格：汉语四字成 语） 第五章 英译汉的疑点 动态表达与静态表达 English is static, and agent nouns(施事者)are frequently used to replace verbs, while Chinese is dynamic, using more verbs in a single sentence. Nouns and prepositions are preferred in formal English styles. The preference over nouns and prepositions makes the expression more concise, flexible and natural. 名词化是表达科学思想的一种， 用在政论文体或科技文体中具有庄重感和严肃感， 更能体现 哲理性和科学性。 (叶斯泊森 ) You must be a very bad learner; or else you must be going to a very bad teacher. 你一定很不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不会教。 “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the porch. “来啦！ ”她转身蹦跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。 英语：静态特征 He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃能睡。 His ill health has been a very anxious business. 他身体不好令人十分担忧。 1. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,令我特别神往。 北京世博翻译公司2. She is a lover of Chinese painting. 3. Up the street they went ,past stores ,across a broad square ,and then entered a huge building. 他们沿着大街走去,经过许多商店,穿过一个大广场,然后进入了大厦。 4. The parades marched in the street ,carrying flowers and banners in their hands. 游行的人拿着鲜花和彩旗在街道上行进。 一、化静为动: 把原文的静态句式转换为动态句式 A. "be+动词的同源名词"句式: （1） She is a good teacher. 她教书教得好。 （北京世博翻译公司2） He is the murderer of his boss. 他谋杀了老板。 （3） Mary is a good learner . 玛莉善于学习。 （4） He was a good listener and they would like to talk with him. 他能倾听别人的意见， 因此他们喜欢同他谈心 （5） Peter is a bad sailor. 彼得晕船。 （6） I used to be a bit of a fancier myself. 过去我也常常有点胡思乱想。 B. “be+非动词同源名词”句式： （1） My party was a quiet affair. 我的欢送会开得很平静。 （北京世博翻译公司2）Excessive headline phrase condemnation is, of course, a possibility. 当然，指责过分使用标题式短语是可能的。 C. "be+动词的同源形容词"句式: (1) This program was not popular with all of the troops. 并不是所有军队的人都喜欢这个计划。 (北京世博翻译公司2) He is content with such kind of life. 他满足于这样的生活。 (3) An acquaintance with the modern Chinese history is helpful to the study of Chinese revolution. 了解一下中国近代史，对研究中国革命是有帮助的。 D. “be+非动词同源形容词”句式： （1） He was an able and a successful one. 他为人能干， 事业成功。 （北京世博翻译公司2） I am quite ignorant of what they intend to do. 我的确不知道他们打算干什么。 （3） You shouldn't be sensitive about one's clothing. 你不要太注重衣着了。 E. "be+副词"句式: （1） We must be off now. 我们得走了。 （北京世博翻译公司2） The performance is on. 演出已经开始了。 （3） Their experiment has been over. 他们的实验已经结束了。 （4） I saw you out with a boy yesterday. 昨天我看见你和一个男孩上街了。 F. “be+介词短语”句式： （1） Because of bad government, the company was in 由于管理不善， 公司出现亏损。 （北京世博翻译公司2） The factory is under construction. 工厂正在建造中。 G.无动词
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