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plantarum 1北京世博翻译公司288) capable to produce a fermented goats’ milk containing g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 1北京世博翻译公司288）能够产生发酵羊奶含有 g -氨基丁酸（γ-氨基丁酸）和 angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides. The fermented milk was characterized by 血管紧张素转换酶（酶）抑制肽。发酵乳的特点是 cell counts of lactic acid bacteria not lower than 7.0 log cfu g 1, even after 45 days of storage at 4 C. 细胞计数的乳酸菌不低于 7 日志祖克 1，甚至在 45 天的存储在 4C Fermentation of goats’ milk resulted in the production of ca. 北京世博翻译公司28 mg kg 1 of GABA. Furthermore the 发酵的山羊'牛奶导致生产约 北京世博翻译公司28 毫克公斤 1 丁酸。此外， fermented goats’ milk had an in vitro ACE-inhibitory activity of ca. 73%. Prolonged cold storage did not 发酵山羊奶有体外 ACE 抑制活性约 73%。长期冷藏不 significantly affect both the concentration of GABA and the ACE-inhibitory activity. Moreover, the taurine 显着影响的浓度的丁酸和 ACE 抑制活性。此外，牛磺酸 content did not significantly vary during both fermentation and the entire storage period. 内容没有显着不同，在发酵和整个贮藏期。 北京世博翻译公司2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights 北京世博翻译公司2009 爱思唯尔公司版权所有 1. Introduction 1。景区简介 During the last decade, interest of industries and consumers for 在过去十年中，工业和消费者的利益 functional foods has been exponentially increasing. According to 功能性食品已成倍增加。根据 the Consensus Document issued by the European Concerted Action 协商一致的文件发出的欧洲协调行动 on Science of Functional Foods, a food may be referred to as 科学的功能性食品，食品可称为 ‘‘functional’’, if it has been unequivocally proven that it positively “'functional' '，如果它已经明确地证明，它积极 influences one or more biological functions in the human body, 影响一个或多个生物功能在人体， improving the state of health and wellness, and reducing the risk to 改善健康状况和健康，并减少风险 develop a disease (Diplock et al., 1999). The use of milk with 发展一种疾病（迪普洛克等人。，1999）。用牛奶 particular nutritional properties (e.g., goats’, mares’ and donkeys’ 特殊营养特性（例如，山羊，马和驴的 milk), alone or in combination with bacterial strains having probiotic 牛奶），单独或结合细菌菌株具有益生菌 properties and/or producing physiologically active metabolites, 性能和/或生产生理活性代谢产物， represents one of the technology options for manufacturing 是一个技术方案的制造 new dairy functional beverages (Gomes et al., 1998). 乳品新功能饮料（戈麦斯等人。，1998）。 Goats’ milk products, especially cheeses and yogurts, are very 山羊奶制品，特别是奶酪和酸奶，很 popular in the Mediterranean peninsula, Middle East, Southern 受欢迎的地中海半岛，中东，南部 Russia and Indian subcontinent (Tamime and Robinson, 1999). In 俄罗斯和印度次大陆（tamime 和鲁滨孙，1999）。在 the European Union, the value of production of goats’ milk in 北京世博翻译公司2005 欧洲联盟，价值生产的山羊'牛奶 北京世博翻译公司2005 has been estimated 1371 million of euros (http://faostat.fao.org/ 据估计，1371000000 欧元（http://faostat.fao.org/ site/613/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID?613#ancor). 网站/613 /desktopdefault.aspx？pageid?613#信息）。 Goats’ milk has been described as having higher digestibility, 山羊奶已被描述为具有较高的消化率， due to reduced dimensions of casein micelles and fat globules and 由于减少了尺寸的干酪素胶束和脂肪球 higher proportion of short to medium fatty acids (Park et al., 北京世博翻译公司2007), 更高比例的短期和中期的脂肪酸（公园等。，北京世博翻译公司2007）， and lower allergenic properties than cows’ milk (Spuergin et al., 低过敏性比奶牛牛奶（spuergin 等人。， 1997). Besides, certain therapeutic properties in human nutrition, 1997）。此外，某些治疗性质的人类营养， such as a better utilization of fat and mineral salts in individuals 如更好地利用脂肪和矿物盐的人 suffering from malabsorption syndrome, are attributed to goats’ 患有吸收不良综合征，是由于山羊 milk (Alferez et al., 北京世博翻译公司2001). Goats’ milk contains also free taurine, one 牛奶（alferez 等人。，北京世博翻译公司2001）。山羊奶含有牛磺酸，一 of the final metabolic products of sulphur-containing amino acids 的最终代谢产物的含硫氨基酸 (Park et al., 北京世博翻译公司2007), which may have several biological functions: （公园等。，北京世博翻译公司2007），其中可能有若干生物学功能： modulator of growth (Naismith et al.,1987) and of neuronal activity 生长调节剂（奈史密斯等人。，1987）和神经元活动 (Haas and Hosli,1973; Huxtable,1989; Hussy et al.,1997; Jiang et al., （乙酸和 hoslitable，1989，1973；；贱妇等人。，1997；姜等。， 北京世博翻译公司2004); conjugation of bile salts (Heuman and Bajaj, 1994); regulation 北京世博翻译公司2004）；共轭胆汁盐（heuman 和巴贾杰，1994）；调节 of osteoblast metabolism (Koide et al.,1999); protection of cells 成骨细胞的代谢（小出等人。，1999）；细胞的保护作用 against various types of injury and prevention of cardiovascular 对不同类型的损伤和预防心血管疾病 damage (Warskulat et al., 北京世博翻译公司2007); treatment of fatty liver of children 损伤（warskulat 等人。，北京世博翻译公司2007）；治疗儿童脂肪肝 (Obinata et al., 1996). （obinata 等人。，1996）。 The functional value of goats’ milk may be further exploited 功能价值的山羊'牛奶可进一步开发 through fermentation by selected microorganisms possessing 通过选择具有发酵微生物 specific features. A mixed starter comprising Lactobacillus acidophilus, 具体特点。混合起动器包括嗜酸乳杆菌， Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus has 乳双歧杆菌和嗜热链球菌有 been successfully used for fermentation of goats’ milk (Cutic 已成功用于发酵的山羊'牛奶（cutic et al., 北京世博翻译公司2004), and a high viability of probiotic strains in a fermented 等人。，北京世博翻译公司2004），和高活力的益生菌菌株在发酵 goats’ milk stored at 4 C for 10 days has been reported 山羊'牛奶储存在 4 摄氏 10 天已报告 (Kongo et al., 北京世博翻译公司2006). Furthermore, the synthesis of folate from （刚果等人。，北京世博翻译公司2006）。此外，合成叶酸从 some lactic acid bacteria has been shown to occur during 有些乳酸菌已被证明发生在 fermentation of goats’ milk (Sanna et al., 北京世博翻译公司2005), and the 发酵的山羊'牛奶（桑等人。，北京世博翻译公司2005），和 anti-atherogenic effects of a goats’ milk fermented with the 抗动脉粥样硬化影响的山羊'牛奶发酵的 probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 have been reported in 16 益生菌乳酸菌发酵 me-3 已报告 16 healthy subjects (Kullisaar et al., 北京世博翻译公司2003). 健康受试者（kullisaar 等人。，北京世博翻译公司2003）。 Milk proteins are currently the main source of a range of 牛奶蛋白是目前的主要来源的范围 biologically active peptides. Many bioactivities are encrypted 生物活性肽。许多生物活性是加密的 within the primary structure of milk proteins, requiring proteolysis 在主要结构蛋白的牛奶，需要蛋白质 for their generation from precursors. Proteolysis may 其产生的前体。蛋白质可能 produce these biogenic peptides during food processing as well 产生这些生物肽在食品加工等 as during gastro-intestinal transit. Enzymes from different sources, 在肠道运输。酶从不同来源， including microbial enzymes, generate bioactive peptides 包括微生物酶，产生生物活性肽 during milk fermentation and cheese ripening, thereby enriching 发酵奶和奶酪成熟，从而丰富 the dairy products (Gobbetti et al., 北京世博翻译公司200北京世博翻译公司2). The capacity of several 乳制品（gobbetti 等人。，北京世博翻译公司200北京世博翻译公司2）。能力的几个 lactic acid bacteria to synthesize angiotensin-I converting 乳酸细菌合成的血管紧张素转换 enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides in dairy products is well 酶（酶）抑制肽奶制品是 known (Gobbetti et al., 北京世博翻译公司2004; Muguerza et al., 北京世博翻译公司2006; Donkor 已知（gobbetti 等人。，北京世博翻译公司2004；muguerza 等人。，北京世博翻译公司2006；唐科 et al., 北京世博翻译公司2007). The type of lactic acid bacterium used as starter is 等人，北京世博翻译公司2007）。型的乳酸菌作为发酵剂 one of the main factors that influences the synthesis of bioactive 一个主要的影响因素，合成的生物活性 peptides in dairy products (Gobbetti et al., 北京世博翻译公司200北京世博翻译公司2). Indeed, it is 多肽乳制品（gobbetti 等人。，北京世博翻译公司200北京世博翻译公司2）。事实上，它是 well known that lactic acid bacteria differ as for proteolytic 众所周知，乳酸菌差异蛋白 activity. In vivo studies showed that ACE-inhibitory peptides are 活动。体内研究表明，ACE 抑制肽 moderately hypotensive and foods containing them may be 中度低血压和食品含有这些可能是 considered as co-adjuvant in the treatment of mild hypertension 视为共同辅助对轻度高血压的治疗 (Seppo et al., 北京世博翻译公司2003). Moreover, it has been shown that lactic acid （塞伯等人。，北京世博翻译公司2003）。此外，它已经表明，乳酸 bacteria have the capacity to synthesize g-aminobutyric acid 细菌有能力合成 g -氨基丁酸 (GABA) from L-glutamate through glutamate decarboxylase （氨基丁酸）从 L -谷氨酸通过谷氨酸脱羧酶 activity. During milk fermentation a high level of L-glutamate 活动。牛奶发酵高水平的 L -谷氨酸 may be theoretically liberated since native caseins contain a high 可能是理论上的解放自本土酪蛋白含有高 翻译公司 (责任编辑：北京翻译公司) |