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。(《毛泽东选集》五卷，5页) (3)艾奇逊们对于舆论的看法，混淆了反动派的舆论和人民的舆论。(《毛泽东选集》四卷，1439页) In considering public opinion, the Achesons have mixed up the public opinion of the reactionaries with that of the people. （4）“妈，别听王奶奶的！王奶奶是个老顽固！” 以上四例中，重复出现的名词“人民”、“民族”、“舆论”和“王奶奶”，在译文中分别用代词them, ours, that, she来代替，避免了不必要的重复。 除了代词以外，还可能使用别的名词。例如： (1)非洲人民正在为争取非洲的彻底解放进行着艰的斗争。 The people of Africa are waging a hard struggle to win the complete emancipation of the continent. (北京世博翻译公司2)一定的文化，是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予伟大的影响和作用于一定社会的政治和经济。 (二)用do, do so或so do来代替重复出现的主要动词或整个谓语部分。例如: (1) 你答应了帮助他就应当帮助他。 You should help him since you have promised to do so. (北京世博翻译公司2)我们开了一次会，劝大家到群众里面去。后来许多人去了，得到了很好的效果。 （3）无产阶级要按照自己的世界观改造世界，资产阶级也要按照自己的世界观改造世界。 (三)用 “so” 或 “as”代替提重复出现的表语或整个从句。例如： （1）中国人是勇敢的，中国共产党也是勇敢的，他们一定要解放全中国。 The Chinese people are brave, so is the Communist Party of China, and they are determined to liberate all China. (北京世博翻译公司2)自周秦以来，中国是一个封建社会，其政治是封建的政治，其经济是封建的经济。 （3）他今晚回来吗？我想会回来。 (四)用其它词或词组来代替重复出现的词语、结构或整个分句。例如： （1）空洞干燥的教条公式是要破坏创作情绪的，但是它们不但破坏创作情绪，而且首先破坏了马克思主义。 Empty, dry dogmatic formulas do indeed destroy the creative mood; not only that, they first destroy Marxism. （北京世博翻译公司2）那时将不要军队，也不要兵船，不要军用，也不毒气。 不在一个句子里的重复词语或结构，同样可以用代替法处理。例如： （3）马克思主义在开始的时候受过种种打击，被人为是毒草。现在它在世界上的许多地方还在继续受打击，还被认为是毒草。 At the beginning, Marxism was subjected to all kinds of attack and regarded as a poisonous weed. This is still the case in many parts of the world. 综上所述，可以肯定的代替法是处理重复问题的有效方法之一，其方式多种多样，好处十分明显。但是运用时一定要紧密联系上下文，做到指代分明，毫不含混；否则，宁可重复也不要滥用代称，以免引起误解。 三、合并 将重复词语或结构全部抽提出来，总译一次，加在全部有关词语或结构的前面或后面，统管兼顾。例如： （1）中国人民历来是勇于探索、勇于创造、勇于革命的。 The people of China have always been courageous enough to probe into things, to make inventions and to make revolution. （北京世博翻译公司2）要相信和依靠群众，相信和依靠人民解放军，相信和依靠干部的大多数。 (3)在今后五年内，要实现财政经济善的根本好转，实现党风的根本好转。 以上三例中“勇于”、“相信和依靠”以及“实现……根本好转”都重复出现了三次，英译时都只译一次，以免重复。 四、部分重复 汉语中重复使用的词语或结构，英译时只重复使用其部分词语或结构。这样既可保证译文达意，又不至于显得过分累赘。例如： （1）我们的政策，不光要使领导者知道，干部知道，还要使广大群众知道。 Our policy must be made known not only to the leaders and to the cadres but also to the broad masses. （北京世博翻译公司2）……决定什么东西是应当称赞或歌颂的，什么东西是不应当称赞或歌颂的，什么东西是应当反对的。 … （3）这种新民主主义的文化是科学的。它是反对一切封建思想和迷信思想，主张实事求是，主张客观真理，主张理论和实践一致的。 New democratic culture is scientific. Opposed as it is to all feudal and superstitious ideas, it stands for seeking truth from facts, for objective truth and for the unity of theory and practice. （4）新的政治力量，新的经济力量，新的文化力量，都是中国革命的力量，它们是旧政治旧经济旧文化的。 五、全部重复 原文中的重复词语或重复结构，需要译文中全部对应重复，主要有以下几种原因： （一）为了明确地传达原文意思，避免产生岐义。在翻译某些带有政策性的文件时，做观察家这一点尤为重要，因为在这样的文件里，一字一词关系重大，不容有丝毫含糊，所以对于其中的重复词语或结构也应该全部反映在译文里。例如： （1）各大城市可以暂时不去处理摊贩，但对独立手工业户和家庭商业户最好给以处理。各中等城市在“五反”中最好对独立工商户及摊贩均给以处理。 In big cities the street vendors may be left alone for the time being, but the independent handicraftsmen and family traders had better be dealt with. In medium-sized cities it would be better to deal with both the independent handicraftsmen and traders and the street vendors in this movement. （北京世博翻译公司2）拉丁美洲各国人民在支持你们，亚洲各国人民在支持你们，非洲各国人民在支持你们，世界各国人民在支持你们。 You enjoy the support of all the other people of Latin America, the support of all the people of Asia, the support of all the people of Africa, and the support of the people of the whole world. （3）我们需要的是迅速进步，不是慢慢的进步。 (二)为了保证原谅的强调语气和独特风格，译文也同样重复。例如： （1）他们偷，他们抢，他们欺诈，谁也不敢惹他们。 They steal, they rob, they swindle; no one dares to cross their path. （北京世博翻译公司2）这是一个伟大的胜利，是中国从古未有的大胜利，也是十月革命以后一个带世界性的大胜利。 (3)这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天。 （4）这样，使他不能不讲现实主义。 人家讲现实主义，我们也讲现实主义。人家讲讲现实主义来邀请，我们讲现实主义去谈判。 Therefore, he has to be a little realistic. He is being realistic, and we are realistic too. He was realistic in inviting us and we were realistic in going to negotiate with him. （5）事情就是这样，他来进攻，我们把他消灭了，他就舒服了。消灭一点，舒服一点，消灭得多，舒服得多；彻底消灭，彻底舒服。 （三）在口语中，词语或结构的重复现象较多，这是英汉语的共同特点。汉语重复的，英译时也往往照样重复。例如： 婵娟：哼，我才不喜欢他呢。 子兰：你不喜欢他！喜欢谁？ 婵娟：我喜欢我喜欢的人。 子兰：喜欢我吧，是不是？ 婵娟：我喜欢你，喜欢你受罪。 Chan Juan: No, I don’t like him. Zi Lan: if you don’t like him, whom do you like? Chan Juan: I like the person whom I like. Zi Lan: You like me, don’t you? Chan Juan: I like you… I like you to suffer! （四）此外，遇到主语和谓语重复的汉语句子，英译时一般也可照样重复，因为英语也习惯于此种表达法。例如： （1）青年就是青年，不然，何必要搞青年团呢？ After all, youth is youth, or else why should we bother to have a Youth League? (北京世博翻译公司2)中国人也好，外国人了好，死人了好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是水对的。 六、用名词复数表达重复部分 汉语中重复使用的名词，译成英语时，有的可采用名词复数形式来表达。例如： （1）战争是民族和民族，国家和国客，阶级和阶级，政治集团和政治集团之间互相斗争的最高形式。 War is the highest from of struggle between nations, states, classes or political groups. (北京世博翻译公司2)我们向受压迫的各国人民政治的支援和经济的支援。 (3)长时期的历史经验，必然使我们的党心、军心、民心，集中到社会主义基础上实现国家的富强，实现包括台湾在内的祖国统一这一基本要求上来。 Long years of historical experience have inevitably turned the hearts and minds of all members of our Party, army and people to the fundamental goal of the prosperity of the country under socialism and of reunification, particularly the return of Taiwan to the motherland. 第九讲 分句合句法 英译汉时，如果一个英语句子不能用一个汉语单句清楚地表达出来，我们可以把原句拆开，用两个或两个以上汉语单句来表达，这叫做分译(Division).例如： 1．So I swam and, presumably because of the long absence of foreigners from Sichuan, before an undeservedly large and enthusiastic audience.(From an article written by John Service.) 于是我就下水游泳了；大概在四川省人们很久没见过外国人了，所以我游泳时，旁边有一大群热心的观众；而单凭我的游泳技术是不配引来这样一大群观众的。 另一方面，如果我们将意义上联系很密切的两个或两个以上的英语句子合并译为一个汉语句子，这就叫合译(Fusion)例如： 北京世博翻译公司2.When someone asks me what business I am in, I become embarrassed. I stutter and stammer. My face feels hot. 当有人问我从事什么职业时，我感到很尴尬，脸发烫，结结巴巴地难以启齿。 I．分译法的使用 A． 单词的分译 将原文中的一个单词分离出来单独译为汉语的一个句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个以上的汉语单句。可能进行分译的单词有： (1)形容词 3.He is having an identifiable trouble with his teeth. 他正患牙病，这是大家都看得出来的。 4.The day dawned misty and overcast. 5.As a shy young visitor to Einstein’s home, I was made to feel at ease when Einstein said,” I have something to show you.” 小时候有一次去爱因斯坦家作客，由于我很腼腆，他就对我说：“我有样东西给你看。”于是我便感到不拘束了。 (北京世博翻译公司2)副词 6.Frankly, are you interested in going? 你说实话，有兴趣吗？ 7.Not surprisingly, those who were praised improved dramatically. 8.Characterically, Mr. Harold concealed his feelings and watched and learned. 这类副词常常和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，相对说来与句子的主要部分关系不十分密切，只是对整个句子进行解释或说明。 （3）动词 9.We recognize and share China’s resolve to resist the attempts of any nation which seeks to establish global or regional hegemony. 我们认识到中国决心抵抗任何国家寻求建立全球霸权和地区霸权的企图，我们也有这样的决心。 （4）名词 10.She left home a child and came back a mother of three children. 离家时她还是个孩子，回来时已是三个孩子的妈妈了。 11.As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity. B． 短语分译 将原文中的一个短语译为一个句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的汉语句子。可能进行分译的短语有： （1）分词短语 1北京世博翻译公司2.He was dressed, sitting by the fire, looking a very sick and miserable boy of nine years. 他已穿好衣服，坐在火炉旁。这个9岁的男孩看上去病得很厉害，一副可怜巴巴的模样。 13.He handed me my draft of the plan completely modified. （北京世博翻译公司2）介词短语 14.The fire started during the workmen’s dinner hour. 工人们吃饭时，发生了火灾。 15.With all his faults, I like him. （3）名词短语 16.Alice, normally a timid girl, argued heatedly with them about it. 阿丽丝平时是个腼腆的姑娘，现在也和他们热烈地辩论起来。 17.You should consult your advisor, Dr. John H. Olson, Room 1北京世博翻译公司25D Science Wing, Phone 715 北京世博翻译公司23北京世博翻译公司2-北京世博翻译公司2604, concerning the planning of your program. 长句分译 长句分译这里主要是指将含有一个或多个定语从句的英语长句分译为两个或多个汉语句子。 18.But underneath the sympathetic talk, they actually feel a little wistful envy of the men who brave the winds, rain, snow, cold, and storms upon the restless water. 然而，在这种富于同情的闲聊下面，他们实际上都有着一种强烈的羡慕之情；他们羡慕那些在惊涛骇浪中搏风斗雨、傲雪顶寒的人们。 以who引导的定语从句分译为一个独立的句子，并重复“他们羡慕”，和who所指代的the men. 19.A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t. 北京世博翻译公司20.We have nothing to do with David Swan until we find him at the age of twenty on the main road from his home to the City of Boston where his uncle, a businessman, is going to give him work in the store which he owns. II．合译法的使用 A．将两个或两个以上的英语简单句合译为一个汉语单句 北京世博翻译公司21.It was 北京世博翻译公司2 a.m. on a hot August night. In a San Francisco suburb, a man staggered out of a bar. 一个炎热的8月夜晚凌晨两点钟，在旧金山郊区，有个人摇摇晃晃的走出酒吧间。 北京世博翻译公司2北京世博翻译公司2.People are the same everywhere. They are born. They are babies. They are children. They are adults. They grow old. They die. B．将英语的并列句合译为汉语单句 北京世博翻译公司23.Her dress was grey and plain, but it fitted her body nicely. 她一身素装简单而合身。 C．将英语的主从复合句译为汉语单句 北京世博翻译公司24.That’s the only thing we can do now. 目前我们只能这样做。 北京世博翻译公司25.That’s why you should put one item of information on each of information card. D．将两个或两个以上的英语简单句合译为汉语的一个联合复句 北京世博翻译公司26.Pitcher was a quiet man. He didn’t usually let his face show his feelings. 皮切尔不爱说话，也不轻易在脸上显露喜怒哀乐。 第十讲 被动语态的翻译 I．英语被动语态的用法 英语中被动语态的使用比汉语较为普遍。英语句子在下列情况下一般使用被动语态： A．不必或者无法说明主动者是谁 1.This book has been translated into several foreign language. B．谈话的中心是承受者而不是主动者 北京世博翻译公司2.The machine here are all made in China. C．出于礼貌，不愿说明谁是主动者 3.I’m flattered. D．为了使句子易于安排 4.Unfortunately, their plan failed and we mercilessly criticized by their opponents. II．被动语态的译法 A．汉语的被动语态一般带有“被”、“受”、“由”等词。有时英文原句的被动语踏可以译成带有“被”、“受”、“由”等词的汉语被动结构 5.Both the father and the son were thrown into prison. 父子俩都被投进了监狱。 6.Wherever she went, the princess was welcomed with great enthusiasm. 7.The children were taken care of by their grandparents when we were away. B.应该注意绝不可以滥用“被”字 如，This book was written in 191北京世博翻译公司2.不可译成“这本书是191北京世博翻译公司2年被写的”，而译成“这本书写于191北京世博翻译公司2年较妥。所以，在许多情况下，应该用其他形式来翻译英文的被动语态。 （1）译成主动式 8.This project should be finished as soon as possible. 这项工程应该尽早完成。 9.This must be made clear to everybody. 有时可讲主语译成宾语： 10.This issue is not much talked about in China. 有时“be+过去分词”并不表示被动，而应看成是系表结构。这种结构一般译成主动式。 11.She is dressed in red. 她身穿红色的衣服。 1北京世博翻译公司2.We are convinced that our team will win. 13.The gun is loaded. 枪装有子弹。 试比较： 14.The gun was quickly loaded again. 枪很快又被装上了子弹。（此句强调动作，而上一句强调状态） 15.University of Electronic Science and Technology of China is located in the eastern part of Chengdu City. （北京世博翻译公司2）译成无主语的句子 16.Smoking (is) prohibited. 严禁吸烟。 许多以it作形式主语的被动句型的汉语翻译常常采用无主句，或加上“人们”、“有人”、“大家”、“我们”等不确定的主语。 17.It is said that the old man is a millionaire. 18.It is well known that Hong Kong has been part of China since ancient times. 可以采用这种方法翻译的句型有： It is reported that… 据报… It is supposed that… 据推测… It is hoped that… 希望… It must be pointed out that… 必须指出… It must be admitted that… 必须承认… It is believed that… 有人相信… It is generally considered that… 大家认为… It will be said that… 有人会说… It was told that… 有人曾说… (3)译成其他特定的汉语句型 19.We were very much impressed by what she had said. 我们为她的言语深深打动。（为…所） 北京世博翻译公司20.Everybody in the room was shocked by his thundering voice. 北京世博翻译公司21.The downtown area of Tokyo was practically destroyed by the earthquake. 另外，尤其是在口语中，英语的被动语态还可用“to get+过去分词” 的结构，一般仍然按照上述的一些方法来翻译。 北京世博翻译公司2北京世博翻译公司2.They got married last Sunday. 北京世博翻译公司23.Jack got caught slipping a note to Lisa during the exam. 第十一讲 从句的翻译 名 词 从 句 的 译 法 英语的名词从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。翻译这种从句，可用顺译、倒译、分译、合译、省译等方法处理，这要视具体情况和汉语习惯表达法而定。现分述如下： I．主语从句的译法 含主语从句的句型有两种：一种是“主语从句+主句谓语+其他成分”；另一种是“形式主语it+主句谓语+主语从句”。 A. 上述第一种句型一般用顺译法 1．That she survived the earthquake is sheer luck. 她在地震中幸免于难纯靠运气。 北京世博翻译公司2.Who ever breaks the regulations deserves a fine. 3.Which result is correct remains to be studied. 4.What little she said has left us much to think about. 有时这类句子在用顺译法的同时，还需要分译法，将两句译为两个单句。例如： 5.That he was in error will scarcely be disputed by his warmest friends. 他弄错了，而他那些真诚的朋友对此不会提出质疑。 B.翻译第二种句型的句子，除需省译形式主语it外，还需根据汉语的表达习惯，有的用顺译，有的用倒译，有的两者均可，有时主从合译 （1）顺译 6.It hasn’t been made clear when the new expressway is to be opened to traffic. 还不清楚新高速公路什么时候通车。 7.It occurred to him that he had forgotten to take his notebook with him. （北京世博翻译公司2）倒译 8.It doesn’t matter where we are going on holiday. 我们去哪儿渡假都没关系。 9.Has it been announced when the planes are to take off? （3）顺译或倒译，两者均可 10.It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish. 众所周知，鲸不是鱼。（顺译） 或：鲸不是鱼，这是众所周知的。（倒译） （4）主从合译 11.It is probable that he has got the clue for solving the problem. 他很可能已找到解决这个问题的线索。 1北京世博翻译公司2.It seems that that datum is quite convincing. 在很多情况下，第二类句型的句子在汉语中已有固定译法。例如： It is advisable that… …是可能的 It is desirable that… 最好是… It is evident that… 很明显（或显然）… It is noteworthy that… 值得注意的是… It is assumed that… 假定… It cannot be denied that… 无可否认的是… It is preferred that… 最好… It is reported that… 据报道… It is said that… 据说… It can be seen from this that… 由此可见… It is well-known that… 众所周知… It is a fact that… 事实上… It is no wonder that… 难怪… II.表语从句的译法 A．翻译表语从句一般用顺译法 13.This is what we are firmly against. 这是我们坚决反对的。 14.Things are not always as they seem to be. 15.That is why we decided to put the discussion off. B．有时可将主从句合译 16.There is no air and water on the moon. That’s why no living things can live there. 月球上没有空气和水。因此生物在月球上不能生存。 17.That was how they were defeated. C．有时可用倒译 18.Raw material is what we are badly in need of. 我们急需的是原料。 III．宾语从句的译法 A．英语的宾语从句有三种：动词的宾语从句，例19和北京世博翻译公司20；介词的宾语从句，例北京世博翻译公司21；形容词的宾语从句，例北京世博翻译公司2北京世博翻译公司2和北京世博翻译公司23。翻译宾语从句一般都用顺译法 19.I can’t make out what they are talking about.、 我不清楚他们在谈什么。 北京世博翻译公司20.She reminded me that I had a meeting to attend that evening. 她提醒我晚上要参加一个会议。 北京世博翻译公司21.He was not conscious of what an important discovery he had made. 北京世博翻译公司2北京世博翻译公司2.You may be sure that he is honest. 北京世博翻译公司23.We are certain that we’ll be able to accomplish the designing in a short period of time. C．介词宾语从句若位为位于句首，有时根据汉语习惯，采用倒译法 北京世博翻译公司24.Did she say anything about how the work was to be done? 关于这项工作该怎么做她说了什么没有？ D．英语中有时用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句放在句末。译成汉语时，应将形式宾语省译，而宾语从句则按汉语表达习惯要么用倒译要么用顺译 北京世博翻译公司25.We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled. 会议取消了，我们都感到遗憾。（倒译） 北京世博翻译公司26.The teacher made it clear to the students that they must hand in their compositions by Friday. IV．同位语从句的译法 A．用顺译法将同位语从句译为汉语的独立句，并根据具体情况在前面加冒号、破折号或加“即”等表同位关系的词 北京世博翻译公司27．Then arose the question where we were to get the materials needed. 于是就产生了这样一个问题：我们到哪里去找所需要的材料。 北京世博翻译公司28. In July 1898, Madame Curie and her husband got a great success that they discovered the radioactive element, polonium. 1898年7月，居里夫人和她的丈夫获得了很大的成功—他们发现了放射性元素钋。 北京世博翻译公司29. The name “volcano” indicates the belief of the ancient Greeks that the burning hills of the Mediterranean were the workshops of divine blacksmith, Vulcan. “ 30. Can you produce any evidence that he was not at home that night? B．用倒译法将同位语从句译为前置修饰语 31. There was little probability that they would succeed. 他们成功的可能性极小。 3北京世博翻译公司2. Any proposals that John should be dismissed must be resisted. C.用转换法将同位与从句转译为汉语的复合结构作宾语 被同位语所说明的名词，即本位语，若是由动词转化或派生而来的名词，如thought, hope, wish, proof, discovery, suggestion等，通常可将这类名词转译为汉语的动词，而将同位语从句转译为作动词宾语的复合结构。 33. This thought came to him that maybe he had left his keys in the bedroom. 他突然想起他可能把钥匙遗忘在卧室里了。 34. Is this not another proof that the so-called détente is just empty talk? 35. 36. 37. He gave the order that all the prisoners be set free. 下面这样的句子也可作类似处理： 38. The story goes that the expedition was a failure. 定 语 从 句 的 译 法 我们先讨论定语从句常用的翻译方法：倒译法，分译法和主从合译法；然后再讨论句法结构和句法作用较特殊的一些定语从句的译法。 I．定语从句常用的翻译方法 A． 倒译法对限制性和非限制性定语从句都适用，不过更多地用于不太复杂的限制性定语从句 1.Those who want to go please sign their names here. 想去的人请在这儿签名。 北京世博翻译公司2.James Russll is a man for whom I have the greatest respect. 詹姆斯.罗索是我最尊重的人。 3.Go back further, to a world where the steam engine and allied inventions had not yet enabled industrialization. 4.The way you answered the questions was admirable. 5.The speech, which he had written on little bits of paper, seemed endless. B． 分译法 当定语从句较长，或先行词有较多的前置定语时，若再将定语从句倒译为前置定语，可能会使译文条理不明，含义不清。在这种情况下，把定语从句分译为单独的句子却能避免这些弊病。翻译限制性和非限制性定语从句都可能用到分译法，但这种方法更多地适 用于非限定性定语从句。使用分译法有两种形式：重复关系代词所指代的含义和省译关系词。 （1）重复关系词所指代的含义 6.He is with his youngest brother, who is accompanying him on his tour in China. 他和他的小弟弟在一起。他的小弟弟正陪同他在中国旅游。 7.I have to book ahead for concerts, which are usually held in London. 8.The critical value is expressed as =(S-1)(1-P) where S is specific gravity of material, P is percentage of voids in material expressed as a decimal. 这一临界值可表示为：=（S-1）（1-P）式中S为材料比重；P为材料的空隙百分比，以小数表示。（关系副词where引导的定语从句修饰上面的整个公式，所以where 译为“式中”） 9. The Tartar chief controls a thousand men, all of whom must obey his orders in both war and peace. 鞑靼人的头目控制着1000人，这1000人在战争和和平时期都必须服从他的命令。 10. I’m looking at a photograph of New Orlean’s jazz group which I used to play in. （北京世博翻译公司2）省译关系词 11.Isaac Asimov was a productive writer who wrote over two hundred books all his life. 艾萨克?阿西莫夫是一位多产作家，一生写了北京世博翻译公司200多本书。 1北京世博翻译公司2.He said that he liked reading, which I was glad to hear. 13.On the ground floor he had a store where he sold canned goods. C． 主从合译法 有时我们可以将英语的主句和定语从句压缩译成汉语的一个单句。原文的主句在译文中被压缩成汉语单句的一个句子成分。适用于这种译法的多数是主句为there be句型的英语句子。 14.There are many foreign tourists who want to visit the Great Wall. 许多外国旅游者想游览长城。 15.There is no reason why he shouldn’t come. 16.He has been suffering from al kind of disease for which the cure is possible. 他得的那种病是可以治疗的。 17.That was the way she looked after us.’ II．句法结构特殊的定语从句的辨认与译法 A． 分隔型定语从句 定语从句与先行词分隔往往是由以下几种情况造成的。这类定语 从句常常倒译为前置定语。 （1）先行词与定语从句之间有另一个作定语的短语 18.He lived in the house near us which was wrecked. 他住在我们附近的一座破房子里。 19.There is no habit so old but may(=that may not) be cured by a strong willpower. （北京世博翻译公司2）句子的状语较短，而修饰宾语的定语从句较长 北京世博翻译公司20.I put the books in the cupboard which you read yesterday. 我把你昨天读过的那些书放在橱柜里了。 （3）先行词是主句的主语，而主句的谓语较短，为了句子平衡而把定语从句放在主句谓语的后面 北京世博翻译公司21.A war broke out which lasted for forty years. 一场延续了40年的战争爆发了。 北京世博翻译公司2北京世博翻译公司2.Hardly a man came to the exhibition but was (=who was not) deeply impressed by the originality of his works. B． 双重限制性定语从句 顾名思义，双重限制性定语从句是指两个定语从句修饰同一个先行词。翻译这类定语从句要注意按汉语习惯安排两个从句的顺序。 北京世博翻译公司23.There was one thing he told me which I don’t believe. 他给我讲的有一件事我不相信。 北京世博翻译公司24.Cay you mention anyone that we know who is so talented as he? C． 复杂型定语从句 与双重限制性定语从句不同的是，复杂型定语从句是指定语从句内含有一个从句。翻译这类定语从句通常用分译法。 北京世博翻译公司25.Standing by a fine model of FujiYama was the boy who everyone thought would be chosen the winner by the judges. 站在那辆式样很好的富士山牌模型车旁的男孩，大家都认为他会被裁判员选为优胜者。（who 在定语从句中作thought 后的宾语从句的主语） 北京世博翻译公司26.Brill worried about the strange stories which she claimed Tom told her. D． 重复先行词的定语从句 这类定语从句通常也用分译法译为独立的句子 北京世博翻译公司27.There are even people with plastic parts in their hearts, people who would otherwise have died. 甚至有些人的心脏里也安装有塑料零件。如果不安这些塑料零件，这些人就会死亡。 北京世博翻译公司28.From all over the country, more than 北京世博翻译公司200,000 people of all races, faiths, creeds, and ages gathered at the Lincoln Memorial, the memorial of the beloved President who helped set American blacks on the road to freedom from slavery 100 years before. 北京世博翻译公司29.In old days the woman was kept at the bottom of society, a slave who could be bought, sold or simply discarded. III．具有状语作用的定语从句的译法 有些定语从句，包括限制性和非限制性定语从句，在句法作用上相当于状语从句，表示原因，结果，目的，条件，让步等意义。翻译时应根据这些定语从句的内涵语义，译成符合上下文逻辑的汉语偏正复句。 30.Ernest Hemingway, who published his masterpiece The Old Man and the Sea, was rewarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. 由于海明威发表了他的名著《老人与海》，所以在1954年获得诺贝尔文学奖。（表“原因”） 31.Our delegations have been sent to Asian and African countries, who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective governments. 3北京世博翻译公司2.He insisted on buying another coat, which he had no use for. 他坚持要买一件上衣，尽管他并无此需要。（表“让步”） 33.Any questions you have about your visa status should be referred to the International Student Service Office at the University. 34.He is clever and quick at his work, for which he is in his boss’ good grace. 状 语 从 句 的 译 法 英语的状语从句包括表示时间、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步等各种从句。英语的状语从句在句子中的位置一般来说比汉语灵活，有时置于句首，有时置于句尾，有时又在句子中间的某个位置。而汉语的类似分句，多数情况下，在句中都有较为固定的位置。汉语中作状语的分句一般位于句子的前面。但是，在许多情况下，我们可以根据汉语的表达习惯，将原文的状语从句处理成汉语特定的表达形式。因此，在译文中，原文的状语从句的位置也是比较灵活多变的。 I．前置 1.If American education is so tragically inferior, why is it that this is still the country of innovation? 假如美国教育真的落后到这般悲惨的程度，为什么我们仍然还是一个创新的国度呢？ 北京世博翻译公司2.As Matt began to suffer worsening seizures, the Simpsons knew surgery has to be the next step. 当马修的病犯得越发厉害的时候，辛普森夫妇知道只能进行手术 3.Whether it’s consultation over a job, or general political discussion, or on children or chickens, there is a wide and varied perspective from people engaged in the same context as you are. 4.You must close all the doors and windows before you leave the laboratory. 5.You may leave now if you like. 6.Please don’t go away until I come back. II．后置 7.Please wait until I come back. 请等着，直到我回来。（试比较例句6） 8.I had hardly entered the room when the telephone started ringing. 我刚进屋，电话铃就响了起来。 9.You may leave now if you like. 10.He stayed away from the party, because he was afraid of meeting Sally. III．综合 许多时候，可以按照汉语的表达习惯对译文中的状语进行综合处理。 11.She burst into tears as soon as she came into the room. 她一进屋就突然哭了起来。（一……就） 1北京世博翻译公司2.He shouted wildly as he ran down the street. 他一边沿街跑，一边狂叫。（一边……一边） 13.It’s all right if you don’t want to come. 14.Where there is a will, there is a way. 15.I stayed home because I had already seen that movie. IV．英语状语从句的变体 A．倒装 16.Had he planted the tree near the road, strangers would have stolen the fruit. 他当时要是把那棵树种在路边，路人早就盗取果实了。 (=If he had planted the tree near the road,…) 17.Poor though/ as she is, her life is happy. (= Though she is poor…) 18.Be he rich or poor, I will marry him all the time. (=Whether he is rich or poor,…) B.省略 注意省略部分的所指 19.Once begun, Hawking’s career soared. 霍金的事业一开始就扶摇直上。 (= Once it was begun,…)(it指Hawking’s career) 北京世博翻译公司20.Contact us if possible. (=…if it possible.)(it为形式主语，代替to contact us) 北京世博翻译公司21.Fill in the blanks with the words or expressions given below. Change the form where necessary. (…=Change the verb form where it is necessary.)(it为形式主语，代替to change the verb form) 北京世博翻译公司2北京世博翻译公司2.Like it or not, you’ll have to do it. 不管你愿意不愿意，你都得干。 另外，有些作状语的短语、独立主格结构也可以看作是状语从句的变体。 北京世博翻译公司23.Going across town, he drove carefully, more slowly than usual, aware he had had a good deal to drink. 北京世博翻译公司24.In a different mood, and at another time, he might have handled this more tolerantly. 北京世博翻译公司25.Police coning in all directions, he knew that he was trapped and there was no escape this time 翻译公司 (责任编辑：北京翻译公司) |